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Autocatalysis
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==Examples== Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters produces carboxylic acids that also catalyze the same reaction. Indeed, the observation of an accelerating hydrolysis of [[gamma valerolactone]] to [[gamma-hydroxyvaleric acid]] led to the introduction of the concept of autocatalysis in 1890.<ref name="Ostwald1890">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ostwald W | title = Über autokatalyse | journal = Ber. Verh. KGL. Sächs. Ges. Wiss. Leipzig, Math.- Phys. Classe | volume = 42 | pages = 189–191 | year = 1890 }}</ref> The oxidation of hydrocarbons by air or oxygen is the basis of [[autoxidation]]. Like many radical reactions, the rate vs time plot shows a [[Sigmoid function|sigmoidal]] behavior, characteristic of autocatalysis.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/0471238961.0825041808150202.a01.pub2 |chapter=Hydrocarbon Oxidation |title=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology |year=2015 |last1=Denisov |first1=Evgeny |pages=1–33 |isbn=9780471238966 }}</ref> Many reactions of organic compounds with halogen involve autocatalytic radical [[reaction mechanism|mechanisms]]. For example the reaction of [[acetophenone]] with [[bromine]] to give [[phenacyl bromide]]. [[Chemical oscillator|Oscillating reactions]] such as the [[Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction]] are more complicated examples that involve autocatalysis.<ref name=ACIE>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/anie.201303822 |title=Mechanisms of Autocatalysis |year=2013 |last1=Bissette |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Fletcher |first2=Stephen P. |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=52 |issue=49 |pages=12800–12826 |pmid=24127341 }}</ref> In such reactions the concentrations of some intermediates oscillate, as does the rate of formation of products. Other notable examples are the [[Lotka–Volterra equations]] for the predator-prey model, and the [[Brusselator]] model. Autocatalysis applies also to reactions involving solids. [[Crystal growth]] provide dramatic examples of autocatalysis: the growth rate depends on the surface area of the growing crystal. The growth of metal films from solution using the technique of [[electroless plating]] is autocatalytic. The rate of plating accelerates after some deposition has occurred, i.e., [[nucleation]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/0471238961.0512050311182112.a01.pub3 |chapter=Electroless Deposition |title=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology |year=2016 |last1=Durkin |first1=Bradley |pages=1–59 |isbn=9780471238966 }}</ref>
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