Editing Automotive engineering (section)

==Disciplines==

===Automobile engineering===
Automobile engineering is a branch study of [[engineering]]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} which teaches manufacturing, designing, mechanical mechanisms as well as operations of automobiles.
It is an introduction{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} to vehicle engineering which deals with motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks, etc. It includes branch study of mechanical, electronic, software and safety elements.
Some of the engineering attributes and disciplines that are of importance to the automotive engineer include:

'''Safety engineering''': [[Safety engineering]] is the assessment of [[Car accident|various crash scenarios]] and their impact on the vehicle occupants.  These are tested against very stringent governmental regulations.  Some of these requirements include: [[seat belt]] and [[air bag]] functionality testing, front and side-impact testing, and tests of rollover resistance. Assessments are done with various methods and tools, including [[Computer-aided engineering|computer]] [[crash simulation]] (typically [[finite element analysis]]), [[Crash test dummy|crash-test dummy]], and partial system sled and full vehicle crashes.

[[Image:FAE visualization.jpg|thumb|250px|Visualization of how a car deforms in an Asymmetrical crash using finite element analysis.[http://impact.sourceforge.net]]]

'''Fuel economy/emissions''': [[fuel efficiency|Fuel economy]] is the measured fuel efficiency of the vehicle in miles per gallon or kilometers per liter. [[Automobile emissions control|Emissions]]-testing covers the measurement of vehicle emissions, including hydrocarbons, [[nitrogen oxide]]s ({{NOx}}), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide ({{CO2}}), and evaporative emissions.

'''NVH engineering ([[noise, vibration, and harshness]])''': NVH involves customer feedback (both tactile [felt] and audible [heard]) concerning a vehicle.  While sound can be interpreted as a rattle, squeal, or hot, a tactile response can be seat vibration or a buzz in the [[steering wheel]]. This feedback is generated by components either rubbing, vibrating, or rotating. NVH response can be classified in various ways: powertrain NVH, road noise, wind noise, component noise, and squeak and rattle. Note, there are both good and bad NVH qualities. The NVH engineer works to either eliminate bad NVH or change the "bad NVH" to good (i.e., exhaust tones).

'''Vehicle electronics''': [[Automotive electronics]] is an increasingly important aspect of automotive engineering. Modern vehicles employ dozens of electronic systems.<ref>[http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/systems/auto-systems.html Automotive Electronic Systems] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171120173150/http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/systems/auto-systems.html |date= 2017-11-20 }} Clemson Vehicular Electronics Laboratory Website, Retrieved 2/2/2013</ref> These systems are responsible for operational controls such as the throttle, brake and steering controls; as well as many comfort-and-convenience systems such as the [[HVAC]], [[infotainment]], and lighting systems. It would not be possible for automobiles to meet modern safety and fuel-economy requirements without electronic controls.

'''Performance''': Performance is a measurable and testable value of a vehicle's ability to perform in various conditions. Performance can be considered in a wide variety of tasks, but it generally considers how quickly a car can accelerate (e.g. standing start 1/4 mile elapsed time, 0–60&nbsp;mph, etc.), its top speed, how short and quickly a car can come to a complete stop from a set speed (e.g. 70-0&nbsp;mph), how much [[g-force]] a car can generate without losing grip, recorded lap-times, cornering speed, brake fade, etc. Performance can also reflect the amount of control in inclement weather (snow, ice, rain).

'''Shift quality''': Shift quality is the driver's perception of the vehicle to an [[automatic transmission]] shift event. This is influenced by the powertrain ([[Internal combustion engine]], [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]]), and the vehicle (driveline, [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]], engine and powertrain mounts, etc.) Shift feel is both a tactile (felt) and audible (heard) response of the vehicle. Shift quality is experienced as various events: transmission shifts are felt as an upshift at acceleration (1–2), or a downshift maneuver in passing (4–2). Shift engagements of the vehicle are also evaluated, as in Park to Reverse, etc.

'''Durability / [[corrosion engineering]]''': Durability and [[corrosion]] engineering is the evaluation testing of a vehicle for its useful life. Tests include mileage accumulation, severe driving conditions, and corrosive salt baths.

'''Drivability''': Drivability is the vehicle's response to general driving conditions. Cold starts and stalls, RPM dips, idle response, launch hesitations and stumbles, and performance levels all contribute to the overall drivability of any given vehicle.

'''Cost''': The cost of a vehicle program is typically split into the effect on the [[variable cost]] of the vehicle, and the up-front tooling and [[fixed cost]]s associated with developing the vehicle. There are also costs associated with warranty reductions and marketing.

'''Program timing''': To some extent programs are timed with respect to the market, and also to the production-schedules of assembly plants. Any new part in the design must support the development and manufacturing schedule of the model.

'''[[Design for manufacturability|Design for manufacturability (DFM)]]''':  DFM refers to designing vehicular components in such a way that they are not only feasible to manufacture, but also such that they are cost-efficient to produce while resulting in acceptable quality that meets design specifications and engineering tolerances.  This requires coördination between the design engineers and the assembly/manufacturing teams.

'''Quality management''': Quality control is an important factor within the production process, as high quality is needed to meet customer requirements and to avoid expensive [[Product recall #Automotive industry| recall campaigns]]. The complexity of components involved in the production process requires a combination of different tools and techniques for quality control. Therefore, the [[International Automotive Task Force]] (IATF), a group of the world's leading manufacturers and trade organizations, developed the standard [[ISO/TS 16949]]. This standard defines the design, development, production, and (when relevant) installation and service requirements. Furthermore, it combines the principles of ISO 9001 with aspects of various regional and national automotive standards such as AVSQ (Italy), EAQF (France), [[VDA 6.1|VDA6]] (Germany) and QS-9000 (USA). In order to further minimize risks related to product failures and liability claims for automotive electric and electronic systems, the quality discipline [[functional safety]] according to ISO/IEC 17025 is applied.
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'''Warranty''':

'''Reliability''':

'''Styling''': [[Automotive design]]

'''Robustness''':
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Since the 1950s, the comprehensive business approach [[total quality management]] (TQM) has operated to continuously improve the production process of automotive products and components. Some of the companies who have implemented TQM include [[Ford Motor Company]], [[Motorola]] and [[Toyota Motor Company]].{{citation needed| date=June 2020}}