Editing Autonomy (section)

==Sociology==
In the [[sociology of knowledge]], a controversy over the boundaries of autonomy inhibited analysis of any concept beyond relative autonomy, until a typology of autonomy was created and developed within [[science and technology studies]].<ref>[[Pierre Bourdieu]], 2001 (Maranhão, 2005; [http://www.encontroanpocs.org.br/2006/lista_gt.asp?atvid=26&entid=66 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008165230/http://www.encontroanpocs.org.br/2006/lista_gt.asp?atvid=26&entid=66|date=October 8, 2010}}; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610214637/http://www.sbsociologia.com.br/congresso_v02/papers/GT3%20Ci%C3%AAncia%2C%20Tecnologia%20e%20Inova%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Social/A%20Autonomia%20Reflexiva%20e%20o%20Fomento%20do%20CNPq%20%C3%A0%20Pesquisa%20no%20Campo%20da%20Sociologia%20%282000-2006%29.pdf 2007]; [http://www.flacsoandes.org/dspace/bitstream/10469/382/1/Íconos%20no.31%20-%20mayo%202008.pdf Sobral & Maranhão, 2008]{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}){{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> According to it, the institution of science's existing autonomy is "[[reflexive autonomy]]": actors and structures within the [[scientific]] field are able to translate or to reflect diverse themes presented by social and political fields, as well as influence them regarding the thematic choices on research projects.

===Institutional autonomy===
[[Institutional]] autonomy is having the capacity as a [[legislator]] to be able to implant and pursue official goals. Autonomous institutions are responsible for finding sufficient resources or modifying their plans, programs, courses, responsibilities, and services accordingly.<ref>Evans, P. B., Rueschemeyer, D., & Skocpol, T. (1985). Bringing the state back in.</ref> But in doing so, they must contend with any obstacles that can occur, such as [[social pressure]] against cut-backs or socioeconomic difficulties. From a legislator's point of view, to increase institutional autonomy, conditions of [[self-managed economy|self-management]] and institutional self-governance must be put in place. An increase in leadership and a redistribution of decision-making responsibilities would be beneficial to the research of resources.<ref>Neave, G. (2012). The evaluative state, institutional autonomy and re-engineering higher education in Western Europe: The prince and his pleasure.</ref>

Institutional autonomy was often seen as a synonym for [[self-determination]], and many governments feared that it would lead institutions to an [[irredentist]] or [[secessionist]] region. But autonomy should be seen as a solution to self-determination struggles. Self-determination is a movement toward [[independence]], whereas autonomy is a way to accommodate the distinct regions/groups within a country. Institutional autonomy can diffuse conflicts regarding minorities and ethnic groups in a society. Allowing more autonomy to groups and institutions helps create diplomatic relationships between them and the central government.<ref>Weller, M., & Wolff, S. (2014). Autonomy, self-governance, and conflict resolution: Innovative approaches to institutional design in divided societies.</ref>