Editing Autostereogram (section)

==History==
In 1593, [[Giambattista della Porta]] viewed one page of a book with one eye and another page with the other eye. He was able to read one of the pages, the other being invisible, and switch "the visual virtue" to read the other page, the first becoming invisible.<ref name="Wade1996Perception">{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Nicholas |title=Descriptions of visual phenomena from Aristotle to Wheatstone |journal=Perception |date=1996 |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1137–1175 |doi=10.1068/p251137|pmid=9027920 |s2cid=21480863 }}</ref> This is an early example of dissociating vergence from accommodation—a necessary ability for seeing autostereograms. However, Porta saw competition between images viewed by the two eyes, [[binocular rivalry]].

It was not until 1838 that the [[Charles Wheatstone]] published an example of cooperation between the images in the two eyes: [[stereopsis]] (binocular depth perception). He explained that the depth arose from differences in the horizontal positions of the images in the two eyes. He supported his explanation by showing flat, two-dimensional pictures with such horizontal differences, [[stereoscopy|stereograms]], separately to the left and right eyes through a [[stereoscope]] he invented based on [[mirror]]s. From such pairs of flat images, people experienced the illusion of depth.<ref name="pinker">[[Steven Pinker|Pinker, S.]] (1997). "The Mind's Eye", ''[[How the Mind Works]]'', pp. 211–233. {{ISBN|0-393-31848-6}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wheatstone |first=Charles |title=Contributions to the Physiology of Vision.—Part the First. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, Phenomena of Binocular Vision |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |date=1838 |volume=128 |pages=371–394 |bibcode=1838RSPT..128..371W |url=https://www.stereoscopy.com/library/wheatstone-paper1838.html |via=stereoscopy.com}}</ref>

In 1844, [[David Brewster]] discovered the "wallpaper effect".<ref name="Brewster1884">{{cite journal |last1=Brewster |first1=David |title=On the knowledge of distance given by binocular vision |date=1844 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|volume=15 |pages=663-674, Plate 17 |doi=10.1017/S0080456800030246 |s2cid=121080550 |url=https://archive.org/download/transactionsofro15roya/transactionsofro15roya_bw.pdf}}</ref> He noticed that when he stared at repeated patterns in wallpapers while varying his vergence, he could see them either behind the wall (with wall-eyed vergence) or in front of the wall (with cross-eyed vergence).<ref name="Tyler2014">{{cite journal |last1=Tyler |first1=Christopher|title=Autostereogram|journal=Scholarpedia |date=2014 |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=9229 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.9229|bibcode=2014SchpJ...9.9229T |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is the basis of wallpaper-style autostereograms.<ref name="pinker"/>

In 1939 Boris Kompaneysky<ref>Kompaneysky, Boris N. (1939). "Depth sensations: Analysis of the theory of simulation by non exactly corresponding points", ''Bulletin of Ophthalmology'' (USSR) 14, pp.&nbsp;90–105. {{in lang|ru}}</ref> published the first random-dot stereogram containing a hand-drawn image of the face of Venus,<ref name="Weibel">Weibel, Peter (2005). ''Beyond Art: A Third Culture: A Comparative Study in Cultures, Art and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary'', p. 29. {{ISBN|978-3-211-24562-0}}.</ref> intended to be viewed with a device.

In 1959, [[Bela Julesz]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Julesz |first=Bela |date=September 1960 |title=Binocular Depth Perception of Computer-Generated Patterns |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6768429 |journal=Bell System Technical Journal |language=en |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1125–1162 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1960.tb03954.x|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Julesz |first=Bela |date=1964-07-24 |title=Binocular Depth Perception without Familiarity Cues: Random-dot stereo images with controlled spatial and temporal properties clarify problems in stereopsis. |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.145.3630.356 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=145 |issue=3630 |pages=356–362 |doi=10.1126/science.145.3630.356 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> vision scientist, psychologist, and [[MacArthur Fellow]], invented [[random dot stereogram]]s while working at Bell Laboratories on recognizing camouflaged objects from aerial pictures taken by spy planes. At the time, many vision scientists assumed that stereopsis required prior analysis of visible contours of images in each eye, but Julesz showed it occurs with images with no such visible contours in each of the eyes. The contours of the depth object become visible only after stereopsis had processed the differences in the horizontal positions of dots in the two eyes' images.<ref name="julesz">[[Bela Julesz|Julesz, B.]] (1971). ''[[Foundations of Cyclopean Perception]]'', {{page needed|date=October 2012}}. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-41527-9}}.</ref><ref name="julesz_cadence">Shimoj, S. (1994). Interview with Bela Julesz. In Horibuchi, S. (Ed.), ''Super Stereogram'', pp. 85–93. San Francisco: Cadence Books. {{ISBN|1-56931-025-4}}.</ref>

Japanese designer Masayuki Ito, following Julesz, created a single image stereogram in 1970 and Swiss painter [[Alfons Schilling]] created a handmade single-image stereogram in 1974,<ref name="Weibel"/> after creating more than one viewer and meeting with Julesz.<ref>Weibel (2005), p. 125.</ref> Having experience with stereo imaging in [[holography]], [[lenticular photography]], and [[vectography]], he developed a random-dot method based on closely spaced vertical lines in parallax.<ref>Sakana, Itsuo (1994). ''Stereogram'', pp.&nbsp;75–76. Ed. Seiji Horibuchi and Yuki Inonue. San Francisco: Cadence Books. {{ISBN|978-0-929279-85-5}}</ref>

In 1979, [[Christopher Tyler]] of [[Smith-Kettlewell Institute]], a student of Julesz and a visual [[psychophysics|psychophysicist]], combined the theories behind single-image wallpaper stereograms and random-dot stereograms (the work of Julesz and Schilling) to create the first black-and-white random-dot autostereogram with the assistance of computer programmer Maureen Clarke using [[Apple II]] and [[BASIC]].<ref>Tyler, Christopher W. (1983). "Sensory processing of binocular disparity", ''Vergence<!--"vergence" is a real word spelled correctly--> Eye Movements, Basic and Clinical Aspects'', {{page needed|date=October 2012}}. ed. L.M. Schor and K.J. Ciuffreda. London. 0409950327.</ref> Stork and Rocca published the first scholarly paper and provided software for generating random-dot stereograms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stork |first=David G. |last2=Rocca |first2=Chris |date=September 1989 |title=Software for generating auto-random-dot stereograms |url=http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03202884 |journal=Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers |language=en |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=525–534 |doi=10.3758/BF03202884 |issn=0743-3808}}</ref> This type of autostereogram allows a person to see 3D shapes from a single 2D image without the aid of optical equipment.<ref name="beyond3d">[[Magic Eye|Magic Eye Inc.]] (2004). ''Magic Eye: Beyond 3D'', {{page needed|date=October 2012}}. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7407-4527-1}}.</ref><ref name="tyler_cadence">[[Christopher Tyler|Tyler, C.W.]] (1994). "The Birth of Computer Stereograms for Unaided Stereovision". In Horibuchi, S. (Ed.), ''Stereogram'' (pp. 83–89). San Francisco: Cadence Books. {{ISBN|0-929279-85-9}}.</ref> In 1991 computer programmer Tom Baccei and artist Cheri Smith created the first color random-dot autostereograms, later marketed as ''Magic Eye''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ha0F6LlabgwC&pg=PA211 |page=211 |title=Innovation and Visualization: Trajectories, Strategies, and Myths |isbn=90-420-1675-2 |access-date=2013-07-02|last1=Ione |first1=Amy |year=2005 |publisher=Rodopi }}</ref>

A computer procedure that extracts back the hidden geometry out of an autostereogram image was described by [[Ron Kimmel]].<ref>R. Kimmel. (2002) [https://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~ron/PAPERS/autostereograms2002.pdf ''3D Shape Reconstruction from Autostereograms and Stereo'']. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 13:324&ndash;333.</ref>
In addition to classical stereo it adds smoothness as an important assumption in the surface reconstruction.

In the late '90s many children's magazines featured autostereograms. Even gaming magazines like ''[[Nintendo Power]]'' had a section specifically made for these illusions. Since then several books were published with [[Magic Eye|Magic Eye Beyond 3D: Improve Your Vision]] being one key publication that placed this intriguing illusion into the mainstream.