Editing Background independence (section)

==Description==
Background independence is a loosely defined property of a theory of physics. Roughly speaking, it limits the number of mathematical structures used to describe space and time that are put in place "by hand". Instead, these structures are the result of dynamical equations, such as [[Einstein field equations]], so that one can determine from first principles what form they should take. Since the form of the metric determines the result of calculations, a theory with background independence is more predictive than a theory without it, since the theory requires fewer inputs to make its predictions. This is analogous to desiring fewer free parameters in a fundamental theory.

So background independence can be seen as extending the mathematical objects that should be predicted from theory to include not just the parameters, but also geometrical structures. Summarizing this, Rickles writes: "Background structures are contrasted with dynamical ones, and a background independent theory only possesses the latter type—obviously, background dependent theories are those possessing the former type in addition to the latter type."<ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.1016/S1871-1774(08)00007-7 |chapter=Who's Afraid of Background Independence? |title=The Ontology of Spacetime II |series=Philosophy and Foundations of Physics |year=2008 |last1=Rickles |first1=Dean |volume=4 |pages=133–152 |isbn=978-0444532756 |citeseerx=10.1.1.452.2733 }}</ref>

In [[general relativity]], background independence is identified with the property that the metric of spacetime is the solution of a dynamical equation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/planck/node2.html |first=John C |last=Baez |title=Higher-Dimensional Algebra and Planck-Scale Physics – The Planck Length |date=January 28, 1999 }} Published in {{Cite book |title=Physics Meets Philosophy at the Planck Scale |url=https://archive.org/details/physicsmeetsphil00call |url-access=limited |editor-first1=Craig |editor-last1=Callender |editor-first2=Nick |editor-last2=Huggett |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Cambridge U. Press |year=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicsmeetsphil00call/page/n182 172]–195}}</ref> In [[classical mechanics]], this is not the case, the metric is fixed by the physicist to match experimental observations. This is undesirable, since the form of the metric impacts the physical predictions, but is not itself predicted by the theory.