Editing Banaba (section)

== History ==
According to ''Te Rii ni Banaba (The Backbone of Banaba)'' by Raobeia Ken Sigrah, Banaban [[oral tradition|oral history]] supports the claim that the people of the [[Te Aka clan]], which originated in [[Melanesia]], were the original inhabitants of Banaba, having arrived before the arrival of later migrations from the [[East Indies]] and [[Kiribati]]. The name '''Banaba''' in the local [[Gilbertese language]] is correctly spelled ''Bwanaba'', but the [[Constitution of Kiribati]] (12 July 1979) writes ''Banaba'', meaning "hollow land".

Settlement of Banaba began over 2,000 years ago, over the course of at least three waves of migration.{{Sfn|Teaiwa|2014|p=8}} Like the indigenous inhabitants of Nauru and [[Rapa Nui]], Banaba was viewed as the ''buto'', the navel or centre, of the world by the Banabans.{{Sfn|Teaiwa|2014|p=8}} Unlike other Pacific island societies, land on Banaba was held by individuals, rather than communally held by chiefs or aristocratic families.{{Sfn|Teaiwa|2014|p=12}} Several categories of both landholding and land-based transfers and transactions were recognized, including land for the aged, land for adopted children, land of marriage, and so on.{{Sfn|Teaiwa|2014|p=13}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maude |first=H. C. |last2=Maude |first2=H. E. |date=1932 |title=The Social Organization of Banaba or Ocean Island, Central Pacific |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20702446 |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=41 |issue=4(164) |pages=262–301 |issn=0032-4000}}</ref>

Sigrah makes also the controversial (and politically loaded) assertion that [[Micronesians#Banaban people|Banabans]] are ethnically distinct from other [[Micronesians#Kiribati people|I-Kiribati]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sigrah|first=Raobeia Ken, and Stacey M. King|title=Te rii ni Banaba|year=2001|publisher=Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji|isbn=982-02-0322-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKIr1eg77IwC}}</ref> The Banabans were assimilated only through [[forced displacement|forced migrations]] and the heavy impact of the [[phosphate mining in Banaba and Nauru|discovery of phosphate in 1900]]. 

Ocean Island had been hastily added to the [[British Western Pacific Territories]] (BWPT) in 1900 to take advantage of the improved shipping connections resulting from the [[British Phosphate Commission|Pacific Phosphate Company]]'s increased activities.<ref name="WM">{{cite book | last = Macdonald | first = Barrie Keith |author-link= |date= 1985 |title= The Phosphateers: A history of the British Phosphate Commissioners and the Christmas Island Phosphate Commission |url= |location= Carlton, Vic.|publisher= Melbourne University Press|pages= |isbn= 9780522843026}}</ref><ref name="PIM1950-3">{{cite web| last =| first = | work= XX(8) Pacific Islands Monthly |title= G. and E. Colony's Headquarters|date =March 1950|url= https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-370007069/view?partId=nla.obj-370194776#page/n7/mode/1up| accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref> 

Prior to the deportation of its inhabitants at the end of World War II,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/earshot/banaba/11163312|title=Banaba: The island Australia ate|date=30 May 2019|website=Radio National|language=en-AU|access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref> there were four villages on the island: Ooma (Uma), Tabiang (Antereen), Tapiwa (Tabwewa) and Buakonikai. The local capital was Tabiang, now called Antereen.

[[File:Map Banaba Island 1936-en.svg|thumb|200px|Map of Banaba at the time of phosphate mining]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="background: #cccccc;"
! rowspan="2" align ="left"|Village || colspan="5" align="center"| Population (Census)
|-style="background: #cccccc;"
|align="right"|1995|| align="right"| 2005|| align="right"| 2010|| align="right"| 2015|| align="right"| 2020
|-
|Antereen (Tabiang) || align="right" | 16 || align="right"| 108|| align="right"| 83|| align="right"| 102|| align="right"| 115
|-
|Umwa (Ooma, Uma) || align="right" | 269 || align="right"| 135|| align="right"| 155|| rowspan="2" align="right"| 166|| align="right"| 158
|-
|Tabewa (Tapiwa, Tabwewa) || align="right" | 54 || align="right"| 58|| align="right"| 57|| align="right"| 57
|-
|Buakonikai|| align="right" | – || align="right"| –|| align="right"| –|| align="right"| –|| align="right"| –
|-style="background: #dddddd;"
| '''Total'''|| align="right"| 339 || align="right"| 301|| align="right"| 295|| align="right"| 268|| align="right"| 330
|-
|}

The first known sighting of Banaba by Europeans occurred on 3 January 1801. Captain Jared Gardner of the American vessel ''Diana'' sighted the island. Then in 1804, Captain John Mertho of the convict transport and merchant ship [[Ocean (1794 ship)|''Ocean'']] sighted the island and named it after his vessel.

[[Whaling]] vessels often visited the island in the nineteenth century for water and wood. The first recorded visit was by the ''Arabella'' in March 1832. The last known visit was by the [[Charles W. Morgan (ship)|''Charles W. Morgan'']] in January 1904.<ref>Langdon, Robert (1984) ''Where the whalers went: An index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century'', Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, pp. 198–201. {{ISBN|086784471X}}</ref>

Banaba is prone to drought, as it is a high island with no natural streams and no water [[Lens (hydrology)|lens]]. The traditional source of water was a cave in which freshwater collected.<ref name="PIM31">{{Cite web| last = | first = | work= II(8) Pacific Islands Monthly |title= Nauru and Ocean Island|date = 15 March 1932|url= https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-310860816/view?partId=nla.obj-310873107#page/n37/mode/1up| accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref> A three-year drought starting in 1873 killed more than three-quarters of the population and wiped out almost all of the trees; many of those who survived left the island on passing ships to escape the drought, and only some were able to return, often years later.<ref name="B2012" />

=== Phosphate mining ===
{{Further|Phosphate mining in Banaba and Nauru}}

The Pacific Islands Company, under [[John T. Arundel]], identified that the petrified [[guano]] on Banaba consisted of high-grade [[phosphorite|phosphate rock]]. The agreement made with the Banabans was for the exclusive right to mine for 999 years for £50 a year. The terms of the licences were changed to provide for the payment of royalties and compensation for mining damage,<ref name="WM1985">{{Cite book |last1= Maslyn Williams & Barrie Macdonald |title= The Phosphateers |year=1985 |publisher= Melbourne University Press |isbn=0-522-84302-6}}</ref><ref name="Ellis 1935">{{Cite book |last1= Ellis |first1= Albert F. |author-link1= Albert Fuller Ellis |title= Ocean Island and Nauru; Their Story |year= 1935 |publisher= Angus and Robertson, limited|location= Sydney, Australia |oclc= 3444055 }}</ref> amounting to less than 0.1% of the profits the PIC made during its first 13 years.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gregory T. Cushman |title=Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=127 |date=2013}}</ref>

The [[Pacific Phosphate Company]] (PPC) built the [[Ocean Island Railway]] and mined phosphate from 1900 to 1919. In 1913, an anonymous correspondent to ''[[The New Age]]'' criticised the operation of the PPC under the title "Modern buccaneers in the West Pacific".<ref name="AN">{{Cite journal |title = Modern buccaneers in the West Pacific |url= http://dl.lib.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814207532014.pdf |date= 5 June 1913|journal= New Age |pages=136–140 }}</ref> In 1919, the governments of the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand took over the operations of the [[Pacific Phosphate Company]]. The mining of the [[phosphate rock]] for [[fertilizer|fertiliser]], which was carried out from 1900 to 1979, stripped away 90 per cent of the island's surface, the same process which occurred on [[Nauru]] from 1907 to the 1980s.<ref name="WM1985" /> In June 1948, about 1,100 Gilbertese employed on Ocean Island refused to work; the key demand of the strikers was for higher wages of £10 a month to meet the increased price of goods sold in the trade store.<ref name="PIM1948-6">{{Cite web| last =| first = | work= XVIII(11) Pacific Islands Monthly |title= Gilbertese Strike on Ocean Island |date =18 March 1948|url= https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-316668566/view?partId=nla.obj-316688893#page/n19/mode/1up| accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>

After 1945, the British authorities deported most of the population to [[Rabi Island]], [[Fiji]], with subsequent waves of emigration in 1977, and from 1981 to 1983. Some islanders subsequently returned, following the end of mining in 1979; approximately 300 were living on the island in 2001. The population of Banaba in the 2010 census was 295.<ref name="B2012" /> Globally, there are an estimated 6,000 individuals of Banaban descent.<ref>[[Fiji Times]], 27 December 2005{{full citation needed|date=January 2021}}</ref> On Rabi Island the names of settlements are the same authentic four names from Banaba Island.

Ocean Island Post Office opened on 1 January 1911 and was renamed Banaba around 1979.<ref name="Post Office">{{Cite web  | author = Premier Postal History | title = Post Office List  | publisher = Premier Postal Auctions | url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=ge&country= | access-date = 5 July 2013}}</ref>

In the 1970s, the Banabans sued in the Court of England and Wales claiming that the UK Crown owed a fiduciary duty to the islanders when fixing the royalty payments and the difference in proper rates should be paid. In [[Tito v Waddell (No 2)|''Tito v Waddell (No 2)'' [1977] Ch 106]], [[Sir Robert Megarry V-C]] held that no fiduciary duties were owed, because the term "trust" in the Mining Ordinance 1927 was not used in the technical sense, but rather in the sense of an unenforceable government obligation.<ref name="1977 Ch 106">[1977] Ch 106</ref> The claim for the beach to be restored, from the 1948 agreement, was time-barred. The replanting obligations under the 1913 agreement were binding, but also they were limited to what was reasonably practicable.<ref name="1977 Ch 106" />

[[File:Aerial view of Ocean Island (Banaba), Gilbert Islands (Kiribati).jpg|thumb|201x201px|[[Royal Australian Air Force]] image of Ocean Island (Banaba), 1945, with the extensive impact of phosphate mining visible at the centre of the island]]

=== World War II and Japanese occupation ===
{{Further|Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands}}

In July 1941, Australia and New Zealand troops evacuated British Phosphate Commission employees from Banaba (then known as Ocean Island). In February 1942, the [[French destroyer Le Triomphant|Free French destroyer ''Le Triomphant'']] evacuated the remaining Europeans and Chinese. [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] forces [[Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands|occupied the island]] from 26 August 1942 until the end of [[World War II]] in 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Akira |last1= Takizawa |first2=Allan |last2=Alsleben |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/japan_garrison.html |title=Japanese garrisons on the by-passed Pacific Islands 1944–1945 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}}</ref> [[Cyril Cartwright (civil servant)|Cyril Cartwright]], a member of the Gilbert and Ellice Colony administration, was subjected to ill-treatment and malnutrition.<ref name="WYK">{{Cite web|last= |first= |title= Wykehamist-War-Service-Record-and-Roll-of-Honour-1939-1945|publisher= militaryarchive.co.uk|page= 137|year= 1945|url= http://lib.militaryarchive.co.uk/library/WWII/library/Wykehamist-War-Service-Record-and-Roll-of-Honour-1939-1945/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/page137.html|accessdate= 17 September 2021|archive-date= 18 September 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210918124812/http://lib.militaryarchive.co.uk/library/WWII/library/Wykehamist-War-Service-Record-and-Roll-of-Honour-1939-1945/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/page137.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> He died on 23 April 1943.<ref name="WYK" /> Five Europeans also did not survive.<ref name="PIM45-10" />

On 20 August 1945, the Japanese troops murdered all but one of the remaining 200 Banabans on Ocean Island.<ref name="PIM1946-5">{{Cite web| last = | first = | work= XVI(10) Pacific Islands Monthly |title=Japs Massacre Ocean Islanders After Surrender|date =16 May 1946|url= https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-317553443/view?partId=nla.obj-317622795#page/n14/mode/1up| accessdate=29 September 2021}}</ref> One man, Kabunare Koura, survived the massacre.<ref name="PIM1946-5" /><ref name="PIM1945">{{Cite web| last =| first = | work= XVI(4) Pacific Islands Monthly |title=Fate of Ocean Islanders – 100 Reported Murdered| date =19 November 1945|url= https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-317552278/view?partId=nla.obj-317565267#page/n5/mode/1up| accessdate=29 September 2021}}</ref> On 21 August, the surrender of the 500 Japanese soldiers was accepted by Resident Commissioner, [[Vivian Fox-Strangways]] and Brigadier J. R. Stevenson, who represented Lieutenant General [[Vernon Sturdee]], the commander of the [[First Australian Army]], on board the warship [[HMAS Diamantina (K377)|HMAS ''Diamantina'']].<ref name="PIM45-10">{{Cite web| last =| first = | work= XVI(3) Pacific Islands Monthly |title=  Ocean Island Reoccupied|date =16 October 1945|url= https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-317552084/view?partId=nla.obj-317560904#page/n7/mode/1up| accessdate=29 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janeresture.com/banaba/ww2.htm|title=Banaba and World War 2|access-date=2021-07-20|archive-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408162944/http://www.janeresture.com/banaba/ww2.htm}}</ref> Two Japanese officers were put on trial and convicted for the deaths.<ref name="PIM1946-5" />

Given these conditions, the British Government deemed it impractical to return the Banabans to their island and decided to temporarily resettle the 280 Banabans who survived the war on [[Nauru]] and Truk were resettled on [[Rabi Island]] in Fiji.<ref name="PIM45-11">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 November 1945 |title=New Home for Ocean Islanders |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-317552278/view?partId=nla.obj-317565267#page/n5/mode/1up |accessdate=29 September 2021 |work=XVI(4) Pacific Islands Monthly}}</ref> In December 1945, the Rabi Island Council was established, empowered to enact regulations, subject to the Governor of Fiji.

=== Post-1945 decolonisation period ===
==== Legal challenges ====
In 1947, the [[British Phosphate Commission]]ers negotiated with the Banabans of Rabi Island for the acquisition of the remaining economically workable land on Ocean Island. The High Commissioner refrained from participating in the negotiations, leaving the Banabans without needed knowledge and advice. The Banabans agreed to sell their land for £82,000 and a fixed royalty rate, unaware that the British Phosphate Commissioners operated as a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit entity]], aimed at allowing Australian and New Zealand farmers to gain advantages from acquiring phosphates at prices below the market rate.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=July 1979 |title=Decolonization |url=https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/sites/www.un.org.dppa.decolonization/files/decon_num_15-1.pdf |journal=United Nations Department of Political Affairs, Trusteeship and Decolonization |issue=15 |page=15}}</ref>

Sir [[Robert Megarry]] described the 1947 transaction as a "major disaster" for the Banabans. Despite later increases in royalty rates, resentment among the Banabans persisted, mostly due to the fact that royalties paid to the government of the Gilbert and Ellice Colony were higher than what they received. This general dissatisfaction along with the example of recently-independent [[Island country|island-nation]] [[Nauru]] led them demand independence for Ocean Island, however, these were not granted by the British, with concerns about revenue loss cited.

In 1968, the Banabans brought their case to the [[Special Committee on Decolonization|United Nations Special Committee on Decolonisation]]. Here, they garnered sympathy from committee members who urged the United Kingdom to take measures to improve the Banabans' situation, but refrained from supporting their plea for secession.

Simultaneously, the Banabans [[Tito v Waddell (No 2)|pursued legal action]]. In proceedings before the [[High Court of Justice|High Court in London]], the Council of Leaders in Rabi Island, along with several Banaban landowners, alleged that the Crown held a [[Fiduciary|fiduciary relationship]] with the Banabans. They claimed that in the 1931 and 1947 transactions, the Crown had breached this relationship due to a conflict of duty and interest.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conaglen |first=Matthew |date=2006 |title=A Re-Appraisal of the Fiduciary Self-Dealing and Fair-Dealing Rules |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4509206. |journal=The Cambridge Law Journal |volume=65 |issue=2 |page=366 |JSTOR=4509206}}</ref>  The claim of fiduciary relationship was dismissed by the Court, because the term "trust" in the Mining Ordinance 1927 was not used in the technical sense, but rather in the sense of an unenforceable government obligation. The claim for the beach to be restored, from the 1948 agreement, was according to the Court, time barred.

Sir Robert, however, who was highly reproachful of the British colonial administration, took the sides of the Banabans during the case, "Ocean Island no. 1", which claimed that the British Phosphate Commissioners did not fulfil obligations under the 1913 agreement. The Commissioners were found liable for damages, but the plaintiffs were required to cover legal costs, which likely exceeded the awarded damages.

In 1977, a senior official, [[Richard Posnett|Mr. R.N. Posnett]], was tasked with investigating financial and constitutional issues affecting the Banaban community's future. After visiting the Gilbert and Rabi Island, Posnett recommended a $A 10 million ''[[Ex gratia|ex-gratia]]'' payment from the British, Australian, and New Zealand governments to the Banabans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 1978 |title=Banabans |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1978-07-31/debates/ae73ff0b-1cf0-4b93-9501-769677ffc6b5/Banabans |website=UK Parliament}}</ref>

Simultaneously, discussions about Banaba's constitutional status within the Gilbert Islands occurred in London in July 1977 between the British Government and a Gilbert Islands delegation. The delegation aimed to maintain the territorial integrity of the Gilbert Islands while seeking agreement with the Banaban community. Although talks in London and later in [[Tarawa]] in October 1977, known as the Bairiki Resolutions, appeared promising, including the proposal for a UN-supervised referendum on the separation of Banaba from the Gilberts, the resolutions were never implemented.<ref name=":1" />

==== Independence and Inclusion in the Republic of Kiribati ====
On 12 July 1979, the Gilbert Islands achieved complete independence from British colonial rule, marking the birth of the [[Kiribati|Republic of Kiribati]]. The term "Kiribati" is derived from the [[Gilbertese language|Gilbertese]] pronunciation of "Gilberts". In this newly formed nation, Banaba was integrated as one of its islands. The historical context of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, characterised by [[Micronesians|Micronesian]] and [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] distinctions, posed challenges due to ethnic differences. The Ellice Islands adopted a "separation before self-government" strategy, leading to their constitutional independence in 1978 and the establishment of [[Tuvalu]]. Meanwhile, the Gilbert Islands, grappling with the intricate matter of Banaba islanders seeking secession, successfully navigated these complexities and emerged as the Republic of Kiribati in 1978, overcoming issues related to phosphate royalties and the resettlement of Banabans on Rabi Island in Fiji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Deckker |first=Paul |date=1996 |title=Decolonisation Processes in the South Pacific Islands: A Comparative Analysis Between Metropolitan Powers. |url=https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/law/research/publications/about-nzacl/publications/cljpjdcp-journals/volume-2,-1996/deckker.pdf |journal=Victoria University of Wellington Law Research |volume=2 |page=8}}</ref>