Editing Bandung (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Bandung}}
[[File:Coat of Arms of Bandung (1928).svg|230px|thumb|Coat of Arms of Bandung during the Dutch colonial era, granted in 1928]]
The official name of the city during the colonial Dutch East Indies period was '''Bandoeng'''. The earliest reference to the area dates back to 1488, although archaeological findings suggest a type of ''[[Homo erectus]]'' species had long previously lived on the banks of the Cikapundung River and around the old lake of Bandung.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=B. Brahmantyo |author2=E. Yulianto and Sudjatmiko |title=On the geomorphological development of Pawon Cave, west of Bandung, and the evidence finding of prehistoric dwelling cave |journal=JTM |year=2001 |url=http://www.geocities.com/ekoy001/PawonJTM-web.htm |access-date = 21 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408111619/http://www.geocities.com/ekoy001/PawonJTM-web.htm |archive-date=8 April 2008}}</ref> During the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[Dutch East Indies Company]] (VOC) established plantations in the Bandung area. In 1786, a supply road connecting Batavia (now [[Jakarta]]), [[Bogor]], [[Cianjur]], Bandung, [[Sumedang]] and [[Cirebon]] was constructed. In 1809, [[Napoleon]] ordered Governor [[Herman Willem Daendels]] to improve the defensive systems of [[Java]] to protect against a possible [[British Empire|British]] invasion. Daendels ordered the construction of a road stretching approximately {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the west to the east coast of Java, passing through Bandung.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pramoedya sheds light on dark side of Daendels highway|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|date=8 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author1=Peter J.M. Nas |author2=Pratiwo |year=2001|publisher=University of Leiden|url=http://www.leidenuniv.nl/fsw/nas/pdf/NasPratiwoPostweg30-10-2001.pdf|title=Java and De Groote Postweg, La Grande Route, The High Military Road|access-date=21 August 2006|archive-date=27 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327110211/http://www.leidenuniv.nl/fsw/nas/pdf/NasPratiwoPostweg30-10-2001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1810, the road was laid down in Bandung and was named ''De Groote Postweg'' (or the '[[Great Post Road]]'), the present-day location of Jalan Asia-Afrika. Under Daendels' orders, R. A. Wiranatakusumah II, the Chief Administrator of the Bandung regency at that time, moved the office from Krapyak, in the south, to a place near a pair of holy city wells (''sumur Bandung''), the present-day site of the city square (''alun-alun''). He built his ''dalem'' (palace), ''masjid agung'' (the grand mosque) and ''pendopo'' (public-official meeting place) in the classical Sundanese orientation,<ref>{{cite book|title=Wajah Bandung Tempoe Doeloe|author=Kunto, Haryanto|year=1984|publisher=Granesia}}</ref> with the pendopo facing [[Tangkuban Perahu]] mountain, which was believed to have a mystical ambience. In 1856, Bandung also became the capital of the [[Preanger Regencies Residency]], which it would remain until 1925.

The first major railroad between Batavia and Bandung was completed in 1880,<ref name=creative>{{cite conference|book-title=The eleventh International Planning History Conference 2023 |title=jasa izin bpom bandung: Bandung Experience |year=2022|url=https://bisainjasa.com/jasa-bpom/}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> boosting the light industry in Bandung. [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] flocked into the city to help run facilities, services and vendors. The area adjacent to the train station is still recognizable as the old Chinatown district. In 1906, Bandung was given the status of ''gemeente'' (municipality), and then twenty years later, ''stadsgemeente'' (city municipality).

From the early 1920s, the Dutch East Indies government made plans to move their capital from Batavia to Bandung. Accordingly, during this decade, the Dutch colonial government commenced construction of military barracks, the building housing the colonial Department of State-Owned Enterprises (''Department van Gouvernmentsbedrijven'', the present-day [[Gedung Sate]]) and other government buildings. However, this plan was cut short by [[World War II]], after which the Dutch were not able to re-establish their colony due to the Indonesian Declaration of Independence.

The fertile area of the Parahyangan Mountains surrounding Bandung supports productive [[tea]] plantations. In the nineteenth century, [[Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn|Franz Junghuhn]] introduced the [[cinchona]] (''kina'') plant.<ref>{{cite news|title=If Only Junghuhn Knows How Cinchona in Indonesia Becomes... |publisher=Pikiran Rakyat |language=id |url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0604/07/0108.htm |date=7 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517024534/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0604/07/0108.htm |archive-date=17 May 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> With its cooler elevated landscape, surrounded by major plantations, Bandung became an exclusive European resort area.<ref name=brief>{{cite web  | title = An Extremely Brief Urban History of Bandung | publisher = Institute of Indonesian Architectural Historian | url=http://www.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~fujimori/lsai/bandung.html| access-date = 20 August 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060716093926/http://www.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~fujimori/lsai/bandung.html| archive-date= 16 July 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> Wealthy plantation owners visited the city on weekends, attracting ladies and business people from the capital, Batavia. [[Braga Street|Jalan Braga]] grew into a promenade street with cafés, restaurants and boutique shops. Two [[art-deco]] style hotels, Savoy Homann and Preanger, were built in the vicinity of the Concordia Society, a clubhouse for the wealthy with a large ballroom and a theatre.<ref name=creative/>

After [[Indonesian Declaration of Independence|Indonesian independence]] in 1945, Bandung was designated as the capital of [[West Java]] [[province]]. During the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], some of the most massive battles occurred in and around Bandung. Dutch troops were virtually absent in Java at the end of World War II. To assist the restoration of Dutch sovereignty, British forces established a military presence in several of Java's largest cities, and issued an ultimatum to Indonesian forces in Bandung in an attempt to make leave the city. In response, on 24 March 1946, much of the southern part of Bandung was [[Bandung Sea of Fire|deliberately set alight]] by Indonesian forces as they withdrew.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.bandungheritage.org/images/stories/dokumen/bandung_sea_of_fire.pdf|title=Social History of Bandung Lautan Api (Bandung Sea of Fire) 24 March 1946 |author=Sitaresmi, Ratnayu |access-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603233047/http://www.bandungheritage.org/images/stories/dokumen/bandung_sea_of_fire.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2017 }}</ref>

In 1955, the first Asian-African Conference, also known as the ''[[Bandung Conference]]'', was hosted in Bandung by President [[Sukarno]] and attended by the heads of states representing twenty-nine independent countries from Asia and Africa.<ref>Jamie Mackie, 'Bandung 1955: Non-Alignment and Afro-Asian Solidarity', [[Singapore]], Editions Didier Millet, {{ISBN|981-4155-49-7}}</ref> The conference venue was at the [[Gedung Merdeka]], the former Concordia Society building. The conference announced ten points of declaration for the promotion of [[world peace]] and opposition against [[colonialism]] and is known as the [[Bandung Conference#Declaration|Declaration of Bandung]]. This was followed by a wave of nationalism and [[decolonisation|decolonization]] movements around the globe which remapped world politics.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cold War II: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the Reperiodization of the Postwar Era| author=Jason Parker| journal=Diplomatic History| volume=30| issue=5| year=2006| pages=867–892| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00582.x}}</ref> The conference was also the first international conference of people of colour in history.<ref name="wright">{{cite book|title=The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference| author=Richard Wright| author-link=Richard Wright (author)| publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=1995|isbn=0-87805-748-X}}</ref> In his book ''[[The Color Curtain]]'', [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]] claims that there was an epic meaning to the conference for people of colour around the world.<ref name="wright"/>

In 1987, the city boundary was expanded by the 'Greater Bandung' (''Bandung Raya'') plan, with the relocation of higher concentration development zones outside the city in an attempt to dilute population density in the old city. During this development, the [[City centre|city core]] was often uprooted, with old buildings torn down, lot sizes regrouped and rezoned, changing idyllic residential areas to commercial zones with bustling chain supermarkets, malls, banks and upscale developments.<ref name=brief/>

In 2005, an Asian-African Conference was partly held in Bandung, attended by world leaders including Indonesian President Susilo B. Yudhoyono, President of China Hu Jintao, Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh, President of [[South Africa]] Thabo Mbeki and President of [[Nigeria]] Obasanjo.<ref name="Discover Bandung">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130307003733/http://discoverbandung.chasecareer.net/ Discover Bandung]}}</ref>