Editing Baturyn (section)

==History==
Traces of a settlement dating back to the 9th–10th centuries and a fortified hilltop stronghold dating back to the 11th–13th centuries have been found at the Baturyn site.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=15}} This fortified settlement was destroyed as a result of the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasion of 1239]].{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=15}} Chernihiv region was part of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] in the 14th century, but was lost to [[Principality of Moscow|Muscovy]] as a result of the [[Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars#Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1500–1503)|1500–1503 war]]. It returned to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in 1618.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=15-16}} The land on which Baturyn was built was granted to Aleksander Piaseczyński. With royal permission, the town and fortress of Baturyn were founded by Matwiej Stachurski in 1625, who was in Piaseczyński's service.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=16}} The fortress was captured and burned by Russian troops during the [[Smolensk War]] in 1633.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=17}}

Control of the town was wrested away from the Commonwealth by Cossack forces during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] of 1648–1657, when they captured the fortress and slaughtered the Polish nobles.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=18}} In 1648 Baturyn was transformed into a Cossack regional center ([[sotnia]]), first hosting the [[Starodub Cossack Regiment]] and then the [[Nizhyn Regiment]]. After the signing of the [[Pereyaslav Agreement|Pereiaslav Agreement]], the residents of Baturyn swore an oath of allegiance to the tsar on February 7, 1654, after which the city was handed over to the acting Hetman, Ivan Zolotarenko.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=18}} However, the city burned to the ground later that same year. In July 1655 Zlotarenko asked the tsar to give him two other towns, [[Borzna]] and [[Hlukhiv]], in exchange for burned Baturyn.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=18}}

The city rebuilt itself over time. In 1663, in Baturyn, Hetman [[Ivan Briukhovetsky]] signed a settlement with Russia that increased dependence on Russia.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=19}} In 1668, the Baturyn Cossacks supported the anti-Moscow [[Left-Bank Uprising|uprising]]. However, unlike other cities, Baturyn was not burned down after the uprising was suppressed.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=19-20}} For this reason, the Cossack elders with the new Hetman [[Demian Mnohohrishny]] chose Baturyn as the new center of power, moving it from [[Hadiach]]. From 1670, troops of Muscovite [[Streltsy]] were stationed here.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=20}} The [[Capital city|capital]] of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] (an autonomous Cossack republic in [[Left-bank Ukraine]]) was located in Baturyn from 1669 to 1708 and from 1750 to 1764.[[File:BaturynXVIII.jpg|thumb|left|Baturyn in the 18th century]]The area prospered under the rule of Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1687–1708), increasing in size and population (with upwards of 20,000 residents).{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Baturyn boasted 40 [[church (building)|church]]es and [[chapel]]s, and two [[monastery|monasteries]]. Two of the most important institutions of the Hetmanate were located in Baturyn: The General Military Chancellery and the General Military Court. Next to the General Chancellery was the Chancellery [[Kurin]], which prepared for administrative and judicial service.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=25}} Mazepa also built a fortified palace in Honcharivka near Baturyn as his headquarters.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=26-27}}

In 1708 the [[Zaporozhian Host|Zaporozhian Cossacks]] became involved in the [[Great Northern War]]. Hetman Mazepa, after realizing that the Russians planned to remove him from power, switched his allegiance to [[Sweden and the Great Northern War|Sweden]] (then at war with the Russian Empire) and began to place more emphasis on [[Ivan Mazepa|Ukraine's independence]]. On 13 November 1708 a [[Russia]]n army under the command of [[Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov|Alexander Menshikov]] [[Sack of Baturyn|sacked and razed Baturyn and slaughtered all of its inhabitants]] in a punitive response. The Russians broke {{ill|Dmytro Chechel|uk|Чечель Дмитро Васильович}}, the commanding officer of the Baturyn garrison, [[Breaking wheel|on the wheel]]. Historian Serhiy Pavlenko estimates that Menshikov's army murdered 6 to 7.5 thousand civilians and 5 to 6.5 thousand military personnel.<ref>Павленко С. Загибель Батурина. К. 2007 p. 252</ref> In 1708 the city had had a population of 20,000; by 1726 it had become a ghost town. The capital of Hetmanate was moved to Hlukhiv.{{Sfn|Krokosz|2013|p=37}}

[[File:Батурин 2.jpg|thumb|The neo-Palladian palace in Baturyn, designed by [[Andrey Kvasov]] and rebuilt by [[Charles Cameron (architect)|Charles Cameron]].]]

The town was rebuilt in the 1750s, and served as the capital for Hetman [[Kirill Grigorievich Razumovsky|Count Kirill Razumovsky]] (in office 1750 to 1764). [[Andrey Kvasov]] designed Razumovsky's palace in the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style (later [[Charles Cameron (architect)|Charles Cameron]] rebuilt it in the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical style]] in 1799–1803). The home of the famous Cossack [[Vasyl Kochubey]] ({{circa}} 1640–1708), constructed some 50 years earlier, is surrounded today by a [[Kochubeyevsky Park|park]] in his name (although hostilities devastated this building during [[World War II]], it was restored during [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times).

Following the death of Hetman Razumovsky (1803) the town lost most of its political stature. In 1756 a textile plant was founded with 12 weaving machines. It quickly grew to include 76 machines. When [[Russia]]n empress [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] (reigned 1762 to 1796) abolished the Ukrainian Cossack state and incorporated its territories into the [[Russian Empire]], Baturyn continued manufacturing textiles, feeding a growing demand for carpets. In 1843 [[Taras Shevchenko]] stayed in the town, using his time to paint many of the architectural sights. In 1860, Baturyn had a population of 3,563, which by 1880 grew to 6,580.<ref name=sgk>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom I|year=1880|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=118}}</ref> Three annual [[fair]]s were held in Baturyn in the late 19th century.<ref name=sgk/>

Baturyn lost its city status in 1923 and received it back only in 2008.

During [[World War II]], the German occupiers operated a [[Jewish]] [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] battalion in Baturyn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100002172|title=Jüdisches Arbeitsbataillon Baturin|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 November 2023|language=de}}</ref>

In June 1993 the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian government]] declared Baturyn the center of a national site of Ukrainian history and culture. In August 2002, at the prodding of President [[Viktor Yushchenko]], a government program was approved to restore Baturyn to its former glory.

On 22 January 2009 Ukraine's President [[Viktor Yushchenko]] officially opened the "Hetmans' Capital" monumental complex (including the newly renovated Razumovsky Palace).<ref>
[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/5997/ Revival of Baturyn important step in restoring national dignity, says president] {{webarchive 
|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090131124019/http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/5997/ 
|date= January 31, 2009 
}} [[Interfax|Interfax-Ukraine]] (22-01-2009)
</ref>

Until 18 July 2020, Baturyn belonged to [[Bakhmach Raion]]. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to five. The area of Bakhmach Raion was merged into Nizhyn Raion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |date=17 July 2020 |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>