Editing Beat Generation (section)

==Etymology==
Although Kerouac introduced the phrase "Beat Generation" in 1948 to characterize a perceived underground, anti-conformist youth movement in New York, fellow poet [[Herbert Huncke]] is credited with first using the word "beat".<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/57467/Beat-movement|title=Beat movement (American literary and social movement) – Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=britannica.com|access-date=2014-11-30}}</ref> The name arose in a conversation with writer [[John Clellon Holmes]]. Kerouac allows that it was Huncke, a street hustler, who originally used the phrase "beat", in an earlier discussion with him. The adjective "beat" could colloquially mean "tired" or "beaten down" within the African-American community of the period and had developed out of the image "beat to his socks",<ref>"''Beat to his socks'', which was once the black's most total and despairing image of poverty, was transformed into a thing called the Beat Generation..." James Baldwin, "If Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me, What is it?," ''The New York Times'', July 29, 1979.</ref><ref>"The word 'beat' was primarily in use after World War II by jazz musicians and hustlers as a slang term meaning down and out, or poor and exhausted. The jazz musician Mezz Mezzrow combined it with other words, like 'dead beat' ..." Ann Charters, ''The Portable Beat reader'', 1992, {{ISBN|0-670-83885-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-670-83885-1}}.</ref><ref>"Hebert Huncke picked up the word [beat] from his show business friends on the Near North Side of Chicago, and in the fall of 1945 he introduced the word to William Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg, and Jack Kerouac." [[Steven Watson (author)|Steven Watson]], "The Birth of the Beat Generation" (1995), p. 3, {{ISBN|0-375-70153-2}}.</ref> but Kerouac expanded on the meaning to include the connotations "upbeat", "beatific", and the musical association of being "on the beat", and "the Beat to keep" from the ''Beat Generation'' poem.<ref>The exuberance is much stronger in the published ''On the Road'', than in its manuscript (in scroll-form). Luc Sante: "In the scroll the use of the word "holy" must be 80 percent less than in the novel, and psalmodic references to the author's unique generation are down by at least two-thirds; uses of the word "beat", for that matter, clearly favor the exhausted over the beatific." [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/books/review/Sante2-t-1.html ''New York Times Book Review''], August 19, 2007.</ref>