Editing Becontree (section)

==History==
===Toponymy===
The estate is named after the ancient [[Becontree Hundred]], which historically covered the area. It is recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086. The name is [[Old English]] and means 'tree of a man named Beohha'.<ref name="Mills">{{cite book | last=Mills | first=D. | title=Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names | year=2000 | publisher=Oxford}}</ref> The tree would have stood on [[Becontree Heath]], just outside the eastern boundary of the estate. The majority of the estate was in the parish of Dagenham and the whole estate is in the Dagenham [[post town]], and the two names are used interchangeably.<ref>Gayler, Hugh J. Geographical excursions in London. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996. Print</ref>

===Building of the estate===
Because of the lack of available land in the County of London, the [[Housing Act 1919]] permitted the [[London County Council]] (LCC) to build housing and act as landlord outside of its territory. On 18 June 1919 the London County Council's Standing Committee on the Housing of the Working Classes resolved to build 29,000 dwellings to accommodate 145,000 people within 5 years, of which 24,000 were to be at Becontree.  Becontree was developed between 1921 and 1935 as a large [[London County Council cottage estate|cottage estate]] of around 26,000 homes, intended to be "[[homes fit for heroes]]" for [[World War I]] veterans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.locallocalhistory.co.uk/municipal-housing/heroes/ |title=Homes For Heros |publisher=Locallocalhistory.co.uk |date=2008-01-13 |access-date=2016-11-24 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213910/http://www.locallocalhistory.co.uk/municipal-housing/heroes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Open bus">{{cite web|title=Becontree Estate Bus Tour, Dagenham {{!}} Open House London 2017|url=https://openhouselondon.open-city.org.uk/listings/2586|website=openhouselondon.open-city.org.uk|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160126/https://openhouselondon.open-city.org.uk/listings/2586|url-status=live}} The chief architect of the LCC, who was ultimately responsible for the scheme was [[G. Topham Forrest]]</ref>

Most of the land at that time was [[market garden]]s, with occasional groups of cottages and some country lanes. It was [[compulsorily purchase]]d. 4,000 houses had been completed by 1921. The early residents were able to pick rhubarb, peas and cabbages from the abandoned market gardens.<ref name="Open bus"/>

{{LCC cottage estates|show}}
[[File:22-28 Chittys Lane Becontree Dagenham RM8 1UP.jpg|thumb|22-28 Chittys Lane Becontree]]
The very first houses completed, in Chittys Lane, are recognisable by a blue council plaque embedded in the wall. The construction was an enormous civil engineering project. A [[Becontree housing estate railway|special railway]] was built especially for the building work. It connected the railway sidings at [[Goodmayes]] on the [[Great Eastern Railway|Great Eastern line]] and a wharf with a new 500&nbsp;ft jetty, on the River Thames. Four steam cranes on the jetty could unload building material from seven barges at a time.<ref name="Open bus"/> The building of the estate took longer than anticipated. The LCC hoped to build 24,000 homes by 1924. They were only able to achieve 3,000 and the works were extended into three phases lasting until 1935.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42731 |title=Dagenham: Introduction and manors &#124; British History Online |publisher=British-history.ac.uk |access-date=2016-11-24 |archive-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112103855/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42731 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Phase
!Dates
!Location
!Houses built
!Cumulative total
|-
|I
|1921–1924
|[[Municipal Borough of Ilford|Ilford]] (some in Dagenham)
|3,000
|3,000
|-
|II
|1924–1930
|[[Municipal Borough of Dagenham|Dagenham]] (some in Ilford)
|15,000
|18,000
|-
|III
|1930–1935
|[[Municipal Borough of Barking|Barking]] 
|7,736
|25,736
|-
|Additional
|1937
|
|800
|26,536
|-
|Heath Park
|1949–1951
|Dagenham
|600
|27,136
|}

On 13 July 1935 the official completion of the estate was celebrated with the ceremonial opening of [[Parsloes Park]] by MP [[Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison|Christopher Addison]]. However, the demand for housing meant that a further 800 homes were built in 1937. With a population of 115,652, it was the largest [[Public housing#United Kingdom|public housing]] development in the world. After the Second World War, between 1949 and 1951, 600 additional houses were built by the LCC in Dagenham in an area called Heath Park, adjacent to the estate.<ref name="Open bus"/>

[[Wythenshawe]], in [[Greater Manchester|Manchester]] with an area of approximately {{convert|11|sqmi|km2}}, is larger but the population density is lower. At times Wythenshawe has also claimed to be the largest [[Public housing#United Kingdom|council housing estate]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/all-about/wythenshawe |title=All About Wythenshawe |access-date=30 March 2016 |work=Manchester Evening News |archive-date=25 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325070347/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/all-about/wythenshawe |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="History of the Estate">{{cite web | first=Derick | last=Deakin | title=History of the Estate | work=Wythit | url=http://www.wythit.com/wythit/Local_Activities/Local_History/Default.aspx?CmsContentID=1098 | access-date=30 September 2006 | archive-date=29 September 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103327/http://www.wythit.com/wythit/Local_Activities/Local_History/Default.aspx?CmsContentID=1098 | url-status=live }}</ref> Private home ownership in the area has grown, and Wythenshawe has continued to expand.
<ref>{{cite news|title=Wythenshawe - Latest news updates, pictures, video, reaction - Manchester Evening News|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/all-about/wythenshawe|access-date=8 January 2018|work=www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228234528/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/all-about/wythenshawe|url-status=live}}</ref>

===First tenants===
The LCC built the estate to rehouse people from London's [[East End of London|East End]], who were displaced by [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]]. The first residents were almost all relatively prosperous working-class families, such as factory workers and busmen.<ref>Jackson, p. 297.</ref> Prospective tenants were interviewed by London County Council officials in their homes to check their suitability and the size of family, their domestic standards and financial resources. The tenants came from the skilled working class in relatively secure jobs and earning slightly more than the average wage.<ref name="Open bus"/> At the time everyone marvelled at having [[Toilet#integral water closet|indoor toilets]] and a private garden, although the [[sash windows]] were extremely draughty, there was no insulation in the attics, and during the winter months very few people could afford enough coal to heat the bedrooms. The toilet, bath tap and a tap in the kitchen over a [[Wash copper|copper boiler]], which was used for both washing clothes and heating bath water, were all fed from a reservoir tank in the attic, which invariably froze on winter mornings, leaving the toilets unusable.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Eveleigh|first1=David J|title=Evolution of Building Elements|url=https://environment7.uwe.ac.uk/resources/constructionsample/Conweb/house_ages/elements/print.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307165422/https://environment7.uwe.ac.uk/resources/constructionsample/Conweb/house_ages/elements/print.htm|archive-date=2014-03-07|website=uwe 6 The Services of Victorian and Edwardian Houses 1850-1914 |access-date=8 January 2018|date=7 March 2014}}</ref> One clause in the contract of tenancy stipulated that children born to parents living on the estate would not be housed by the LCC and when the time came for them to establish their own homes, the relevant local authority would be expected to provide housing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1957/may/22/london-county-council-money-bill-by-order |title=London County Council (Money) Bill (By Order) (Hansard, 22 May 1957) |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=2016-11-24 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002133907/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1957/may/22/london-county-council-money-bill-by-order |date=22 May 1957 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Privet]] hedges (referred to as "evergreens" or "evers") were planted along the pavements at the end of every front garden and during the spring and summer months a squad of gardeners were employed to keep them in regulation height. Although the estate regulations stipulated that the gardens must be maintained in order, more than a few degenerated into virtual jungles. However, to encourage the application of this rule, prizes were awarded for the best kept gardens. Initial candidates were selected by the rent collectors during their weekly rounds and a committee decided on the final prizes, which ranged from ten shillings consolation prizes up to £20 (an average week's rent in 1953 was about £1 18/- (£1.90)) for the first prize in each ward, plus a notice placed in the centre of the lawn for the benefit of passers-by.

===Local government===
When built, the development occupied parts of the parishes of [[Municipal Borough of Barking|Barking]], [[Municipal Borough of Dagenham|Dagenham]] and [[Municipal Borough of Ilford|Ilford]], with administration split between the three respective [[Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)|urban district]] councils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/MuseumsAndHeritage/LocalHistoryResources/Pages/TheBecontreeEstate.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614072525/http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/MuseumsAndHeritage/LocalHistoryResources/Pages/TheBecontreeEstate.aspx |archive-date=2011-06-14 |title=Becontree Estate |access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref><ref>Alan A. Jackson, ''Semi-Detached London: Suburban Development, Life and Transport, 1900-39'', London: Unwin, 1973, {{ISBN|978-0-04-902003-0}}, p. 115.</ref> Barking and Ilford were established as suburbs of London and had been urban districts since 1894. Dagenham was almost entirely rural until the building of the estate, having a population of only 9,127 in 1911 and growing to 89,362 in ten years. It gained urban district status in 1926. Approximately 50% of the estate was in Dagenham, 33% in Barking and 17% in Ilford.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Ilford was incorporated as a [[municipal borough]] in 1926, Barking in 1931 and Dagenham in 1938. Services such as education and libraries were provided by [[Essex County Council]] throughout the estate. However, the division of responsibilities allowed for the local councils to provide elementary education in their areas as their populations were high enough.<ref group="notes">This was known as a 'Part III authority' under the [[Education Act 1902]] and an 'excepted district' under the [[Education Act 1944]].</ref> Before the Second World War Barking and Ilford, but not Dagenham, were providing elementary education. However, Dagenham was permitted to provide its own library service.<ref name="Robson 1939">{{cite book | last = Robson | first = William | title = The government and misgovernment of London | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0415418263 }}</ref> After the Second World War Dagenham also provided elementary education. During the 1920s and 1930s there was periodic discussion and review of the local government arrangements in the area, including proposals to merge the three districts, or transfer the estate to the County of London, but it was not acted on.

The area was within the [[Metropolitan Police District]]. It was considered to form part of the Greater London conurbation for census reporting and in 1957 formed part of the review area of the [[Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London]]. The 1960 report of the commission recommended that Barking and Dagenham should form as a single [[London borough]] and this became the London Borough of Barking in 1965 following the [[London Government Act 1963]]. Ilford became part of the new London Borough of Redbridge. Barking was renamed Barking and Dagenham in 1980. It was anticipated that the mergers of existing boroughs might produce unsatisfactory boundaries in some places and a [[Local Government Boundary Commission for England]] was established by the Local Government Act 1972 to review periodically the boundaries of Greater London and the London boroughs. The first review of boundaries in London commenced on 1 April 1987 and reported in 1992. The transfer of the Redbridge part of the estate to Barking and Dagenham had broad support.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce/research/lgbce-reports-1973---1992/general-reports/627-the-boundaries-of-greater-london-and-the-london-boroughs.pdf |title=The Boundaries of Greater London and The London Boroughs |access-date=30 September 2013 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219113944/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce/research/lgbce-reports-1973---1992/general-reports/627-the-boundaries-of-greater-london-and-the-london-boroughs.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=[[Local Government Boundary Commission for England]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce/research/lgbce%2Dreports%2D1973%2D%2D%2D1992/mandatory%2Dreviews/660.%2Dlondon%2Dborough%2Dof%2Dbarking%2Dand%2Ddagenham%2Dand%2Dits%2Dboundaries%2Dwith%2Dredbridge%2Dlb%2C%2Dnewham%2Dlb%2Dand%2Dhavering%2Dlb.pdf |title=Local Government Boundary Commission For England: London Borough of Barking and Dagenham |publisher=[[Local Government Boundary Commission for England]] |date=7 May 1992 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131204081556/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce/research/lgbce%2Dreports%2D1973%2D%2D%2D1992/mandatory%2Dreviews/660.%2Dlondon%2Dborough%2Dof%2Dbarking%2Dand%2Ddagenham%2Dand%2Dits%2Dboundaries%2Dwith%2Dredbridge%2Dlb%2C%2Dnewham%2Dlb%2Dand%2Dhavering%2Dlb.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following the review, in April 1994 an area of 90 hectares with a population of 200, was transferred from Redbridge to Barking and Dagenham, and a new ward of Becontree electing two councillors was created.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1993/1443/made |title=The East London Boroughs (London Borough Boundaries) Order 1993 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |access-date=2016-11-24 |archive-date=27 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027074715/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1993/1443/made |url-status=live }}</ref> The wards and councillor allocations were redrawn in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/780/made |title=The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham (Electoral Changes) Order 2000 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |access-date=2016-11-24 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702154854/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/780/made |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Services===
All houses were supplied with gas by the [[Gas Light and Coke Company]]; most had [[gas lighting]] and some were fitted with [[electric light]]ing. Electricity was supplied by the [[County of London Electric Supply Company]] in Dagenham and the electricity services of Barking and Ilford [[municipal corporation]]s in those sections.<ref name="Robson 1939"/> All gas lighting was converted to electricity in 1955. Water supply in the whole estate came from the [[South Essex Waterworks Company]], but sewerage was split on municipal lines. In 1930 Barking and Ilford formed the Ilford and Barking Joint Sewerage Committee.

The [[General Post Office]] placed the entire estate in the Dagenham [[post town]], including the Barking and Ilford sections, giving all residents postal addresses of "Dagenham, Essex". It is perhaps for this reason that Becontree and Dagenham became synonymous.<ref>{{cite book | last = Willmott | first = Peter | title = Family and class in a London suburb | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul | location = London | year = 1973 | isbn = 071003914X }}</ref> In 1927 the LCC was reluctant to agree that the [[Postmaster General of the United Kingdom|Postmaster General]] should provide [[telephone line|subscriber telephone lines]] to the estate, as it was considered incongruous for residents of a subsidised housing scheme to be able to afford such a luxury.<ref name="Olechnowicz">Andrzej Olechnowicz, ''Working-Class Housing in England Between the Wars: The Becontree Estate'', Oxford historical monographs, Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford University, 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-19-820650-7}}.</ref> Lines were connected from nearby exchanges until the [[Telephone exchange names|DOMinion]] exchange was opened within the estate. In 1954 it had 1,337 lines, increasing to 1,620 in 1955 and by 1958 it had 2,700 lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1955/feb/02/telephone-service-dagenham |title=Telephone Service, Dagenham (Hansard, 2 February 1955) |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=2016-11-24 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221158/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1955/feb/02/telephone-service-dagenham |date=2 February 1955 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1958/mar/26/dominion-and-rainham-exchanges |title=Dominion and Rainham Exchanges (Hansard, 26 March 1958) |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=1958-03-26 |access-date=2016-11-24 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230227/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1958/mar/26/dominion-and-rainham-exchanges |url-status=live }}</ref>

The original LCC plan anticipated a civic and commercial centre around Parsloes Park. However, LCC was only a landlord in the area and had limited ability to influence commercial development and had no control over local government.<ref name="Robson 1939"/> The plan was not followed and [[Dagenham Civic Centre]] opened in 1937 outside the eastern boundary of the estate. The lack of a conventional town centre meant residents used the existing centres at Barking and Ilford. Small parades of shops were provided throughout the estate, such as on Gale Street and Wood Lane, but Dagenham Urban District Council tried to make up for the lack of a high street by creating a commercial centre along Heathway in 1934.<ref name="London East">{{cite book | last = Cherry | first = Bridget | title = London | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven, CT London | year = 2005 | isbn = 0300107013 }}</ref>

The estate was built without any provision for [[Parking lot|car parking]] as it was not anticipated that tenants would own cars. The plot sizes did not allow for garages to be added to homes. The LCC provided eleven garages for rent in 1937 and a further eighty in 1951.<ref name="Olechnowicz"/> The LCC planned a [[Tramway track|tramway]] through the estate, filling some of the wide spaces on roads left by the special railway, but it was never built.<ref>Jackson, p. 290 and Plate 22, opposite p. 321.</ref> There were no railway stations within the boundaries of the estate, with [[Chadwell Heath railway station|Chadwell Heath]], [[Dagenham railway station|Dagenham]], [[Dagenham Dock railway station|Dagenham Dock]] and [[Goodmayes railway station|Goodmayes]] a short distance away. At first, trains on the [[London, Tilbury and Southend line|Fenchurch Street–Southend]] line of the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS]] passed through the estate without stopping, but in 1926 the LMS provided [[Gale Street Halt railway station|Gale Street Halt]] on the line. In 1932 (when the line was doubled with the addition of two electrified tracks) Gale Street Halt became Becontree station and a new station was added at [[Heathway railway station|Heathway]]. The stations were primarily served by the [[District Railway]], which had been extended from Barking to Upminster.

Over the 15-year period of the building of the estate, the school-aged population rose rapidly to 25,000 while there were only 4 secondary schools nearby: 3 in Chadwell Heath and 1 at Becontree Heath, which meant that many children could not attend school.<ref>Jackson, p. 299: "Before [September 1923], with virtually no places available in existing schools, the children of the Becontree tenants ran wild all day, no doubt having a marvellous time".</ref>  The first secondary school to be built was "Green Lane" in 1923, but it later became a primary school. It was renamed "Henry Green" in 1953, after the first headmaster after the secondary school opened in 1925.

Another improvement was after the 1952 [[smog]], when the estate was declared a smokeless zone. The houses had their old [[fireplace]]s converted for use with smokeless fuel, which included fixed gas [[fireplace poker|pokers]] in the hearths. The elderly man and his wife who lived in Mill Lane, [[Chadwell Heath]] and toured the estate in a [[cart|horse-drawn cart]] on Saturday mornings selling [[wood fuel|logs and firewood]] (mostly tarred wood taken from the East End roads when they were replaced by [[Tarmacadam|tarmac]]) saw their business collapse overnight.

===Economic development===
Initially the estate had no industrial and very little commercial development planned to support the population. Residents commuted to Inner London for work, until the [[May & Baker]] and [[Ford Dagenham]] sites opened nearby.<ref>{{cite book | last = Porter | first = Roy | title = London : a social history | publisher = Penguin | location = London | year = 2000 | isbn = 014010593X }}</ref>