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Beechcraft C-12 Huron
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==Design and development== Originally designated U-25A,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parsch |first1=Andreas |author2=Jos Heyman |title=Duplications in U.S. Military Aircraft Designation Series |url=https://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/duplications.html |date=2004}}</ref> the first C-12A models entered service with the U.S. Army in 1974 and were used as a liaison and general personnel transport. The aircraft was essentially an "off-the-shelf" Super King Air 200, powered by the type's standard [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6|Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-41]] engines.<ref name="wok">{{cite web|url=http://www.wingsoverkansas.com/history/article.asp?id=346|title=King Air timeline from|publisher=Wings over Kansas|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603232003/http://www.wingsoverkansas.com/history/article.asp?id=346|archive-date=3 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The U.S. Navy followed suit in 1979, ordering a version of the Super King Air A200C (modified with a 1.32 m by 1.32 m; 52 inch by 52 inch cargo door from the Super King Air 200C), designating it the UC-12B, for logistics support between Naval and Marine Corps air stations, air facilities, and other activities, both in [[CONUS]] and overseas. The cabin can readily accommodate cargo, passengers or both. It is also equipped to accept [[Litter (rescue basket)|litter]] patients in medical evacuation missions. Through 1982, the Navy ordered 64 of these aircraft.<ref name="wok"/> A U.S. Air Force variant of the plane for surveillance roles primarily over Afghanistan and Iraq was the MC-12W Liberty. For that variant, Beechcraft built the basic plane and then sent it to [[Greenville, Texas]] where sophisticated [[intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance]] (ISR) equipment was installed by [[L-3 Communications|L-3 Communications Missions Integration]].<ref>{{cite web|date=15 November 2012|title=Lifesaving Liberty|url=http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2011/April+2011/0411liberty.aspx|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115201213/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2011/April%202011/0411liberty.aspx|archive-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> As of 2013 the Liberty program had exceeded 300,000 combat flying hours.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.acc.af.mil/News/story/id/123366273/ |title=MC-12W Liberty exceeds 300,000 flying hours |date=8 October 2013 |website=www.acc.af.mil |publisher=9th Reconnaissance Wing Public Affairs |last1=Trujillo |first1=Robert M. |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926020228/http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123366273 |archive-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> The MC-12W was rushed into combat as a supplemental surveillance and [[signals intelligence]] asset. Since its first combat mission on 10 June 2009, the aircraft flew 400,000 combat hours in 79,000 combat sorties, aiding in the kill or capture of "more than 8,000 terrorists" and uncovering 650 weapons caches. With its roles taken over by the growing [[MQ-9 Reaper]] fleet, the Air Force decided to divest itself of the 41 Liberty aircraft and turn them over to the U.S. Army and [[U.S. Special Operations Command]], which was completed by October 2015.<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/beale-afb-farewells-mc-12-as-spy-plane-moves-to-army-417153/ Beale AFB farewells MC-12 as spy plane moves to Army and SOCOM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926035322/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/beale-afb-farewells-mc-12-as-spy-plane-moves-to-army-417153/ |date=26 September 2015 }} β Flightglobal.com, 25 September 2015</ref> The Air Force's final MC-12W deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom ended on 13 October 2015.<ref> [https://www.acc.af.mil/News/story/id/123460965/ Homecoming: Beale Airmen return from final MC-12W deployment] β AF.mil, 14 October 2015 {{dead link|date=January 2016}} </ref> ===TC-12B=== The TC-12B Huron was a twin-engine, pressurized version of the Beechcraft Super King Air 200. Twenty-five served with the U.S. Navy with Training Squadron 35 (VT-35), the Navy's only TC-12B Huron squadron based at [[Naval Air Station Corpus Christi]], Texas, home of the Training Air Wing 4 (TAW-4). The Navy retired this aircraft on 16 May 2017 and replaced and now relies on the T-44C for multi engine training.<ref name="ai717p26">{{cite magazine |last=Burgess |first=Rick |title=Airscene: Two Naval Aviation Squadrons Deactivated: TC-12B Retirement | magazine=[[Air International]] | date=July 2017 |volume=93 |issue=1 |page=26 |issn=0306-5634}}</ref> ===UC-12F/M=== The UC-12F and UC-12M are light passenger and cargo airlift versions procured for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps from 1986 and 1987 respectively. They are based on the Super King Air 200, use PT6A-42 engines, and have a [[maximum takeoff weight]] (MTOW) of {{cvt|13,500|lb}}. They are configured as [[combi aircraft]] and are also used for multi-engine training and testing.<ref name=NAVAIR_C-12/> ===C-12J=== To meet the needs of transporting larger groups, the U.S. Army purchased six C-12J aircraft, based on the [[Beechcraft 1900]]C commuter airliner. One of the military C-12Js is used for [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] [[radio jamming|jamming]] tests at the 586th Flight Test Squadron, [[Holloman Air Force Base]], [[New Mexico]].<ref name="HAFB">{{cite web|url= http://www.holloman.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_media.asp?fsID=5921 |title=Air Force Fact Sheet |publisher=Holloman.af.mil |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526083955/http://www.holloman.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_media.asp?fsID=5921 |archive-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another is based at the 517th Airlift Squadron, [[Elmendorf Air Force Base]], [[Alaska]].<ref name="EAFB">{{cite web |url=https://www.jber.jb.mil/ |title=Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson β Home |publisher=Elmendorf.af.mil |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060726150046/http://www.elmendorf.af.mil/3Wing/Groups/3OG/517AS/Webdocs/index.htm |archive-date=26 July 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> Three were based at the 55th Airlift Flight, [[Osan Air Base]], South Korea.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} They have been relocated to the [[459th Airlift Squadron]], [[Yokota Air Base]], Japan. The remaining two are used by U.S. Army Aviation.<ref name="ARAV">{{cite web |url=http://www.usarmyaviation.com/fixedwing.htm |title=Army aviation web page |publisher=Usarmyaviation.com |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175117/http://www.usarmyaviation.com/fixedwing.htm |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the UD- series 1900s were manufactured exclusively for military use, the United States military and other military and government organizations use 1900s from other series such as the UB-series 1900C, and 1900Ds which may be found elsewhere.<ref name="ARAV" /> ===UC-12W=== The UC-12W is an improved version of the UC-12F/M for the Marine Corps procured from 2010 for the same missions. It is based on the Super King Air 350, uses PT6A-60A engines, and has an MTOW of {{cvt|16,500|lb}}.<ref name=NAVAIR_C-12>{{cite web| url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/c-12 |title= C-12 Huron |publisher=Navail Air Systems Command |website=navair.navy.mil |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref> According to its 2022 Marine Aviation Plan, [[United States Marine Corps Aviation]] plans to phase out the Model 200-based UC-12F and UC-12M along with the [[Cessna UC-35D]] and replace them with new UC-12Ws by 2032.<ref>{{cite web|title=2022 Marine Aviation Plan |url=https://www.aviation.marines.mil/Portals/11/Documents/Aviation%20Plan/2022%20Marine%20Aviation%20Plan%20FINAL%20April%202022.pdf |publisher=United States Marine Corps Aviation |website=aviation.marines.mil |access-date=3 September 2024 |pages=139β140}}</ref>
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