Editing Behavioral neuroscience (section)

==History==
Behavioral neuroscience as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. [[René Descartes]] proposed physical models to explain animal as well as human behavior. Descartes suggested that the [[pineal gland]], a midline unpaired structure in the brain of many organisms, was the point of contact between mind and body. Descartes also elaborated on a theory in which the [[pneumatics]] of bodily fluids could explain [[reflex]]es and other motor behavior. This theory was inspired by moving statues in a garden in [[Paris]].<ref name="Carlson" >{{cite book |last=Carlson |first=Neil|title=Physiology of Behavior |edition=9th |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |pages=11–14 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-205-46724-2}}</ref>

Other philosophers also helped give birth to [[psychology]]. One of the earliest textbooks in the new field, ''[[The Principles of Psychology]]'' by [[William James]], argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=William |url=https://content.apa.org/books/10538-000 |title=The principles of psychology, Vol I. |date=1890 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co |location=New York |language=en |doi=10.1037/10538-000}}</ref>
[[File:1907 image of a brain (Labour and Childhood).png|thumb|1907 image of a brain]]

The emergence of psychology and behavioral neuroscience as legitimate sciences can be traced from the emergence of physiology from [[anatomy]], particularly [[neuroanatomy]]. Physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the 18th and 19th centuries. The influential work of [[Claude Bernard]], [[Charles Bell]], and [[William Harvey]] helped to convince the scientific community that reliable data could be obtained from living subjects.<ref name="Shepherd2">{{cite book |last=Shepherd |first=Gordon M. |title=Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-19-506491-7}}</ref>

Even before the 18th and 19th centuries, behavioral neuroscience was beginning to take form as far back as 1700 B.C.<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html |title=History of Neuroscience |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=2014-05-04}}</ref> The question that seems to continually arise is: what is the connection between the mind and body? The debate is formally referred to as the [[mind-body problem]]. There are two major schools of thought that attempt to resolve the mind–body problem; [[monism]] and [[mind-body dualism|dualism]].<ref name="Carlson"/> [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] are two of several philosophers who participated in this debate. Plato believed that the brain was where all mental thought and processes happened.<ref name="History"/> In contrast, Aristotle believed the brain served the purpose of cooling down the emotions derived from the heart.<ref name="Carlson"/> The mind-body problem was a stepping stone toward attempting to understand the connection between the mind and body.
[[File:Wm james.jpg|thumb|[[William James]]]]
Another debate arose about localization of function or [[functional specialization (brain)|functional specialization]] versus [[equipotentiality]] which played a significant role in the development in behavioral neuroscience. As a result of localization of function research, many famous people found within psychology have come to various different conclusions. [[Wilder Penfield]] was able to develop a map of the cerebral cortex through studying epileptic patients along with Rassmussen.<ref name="Carlson"/> Research on localization of function has led behavioral neuroscientists to a better understanding of which parts of the brain control behavior. This is best exemplified through the case study of [[Phineas Gage]].

The term "psychobiology" has been used in a variety of contexts, emphasizing the importance of biology, which is the discipline that studies organic, neural and cellular modifications in behavior, plasticity in neuroscience, and biological diseases in all aspects, in addition, biology focuses and analyzes behavior and all the subjects it is concerned about, from a scientific point of view. In this context, psychology helps as a complementary, but important discipline in the neurobiological sciences. The role of psychology in this questions is that of a social tool that backs up the main or strongest biological science. The term "psychobiology" was first used in its modern sense by [[Knight Dunlap]] in his book ''An Outline of Psychobiology (1914)''.<ref name="Dewsbury">{{cite journal
  |last=Dewsbury
  |first=Donald
  |title=Psychobiology
  |journal=American Psychologist
  |volume=46
  |issue=3
  |pages=198–205
  |year=1991
  |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.46.3.198
  |pmid=2035930
  |s2cid=222054067
 }}</ref> Dunlap also was the founder and editor-in-chief of the journal ''Psychobiology''. In the announcement of that journal, Dunlap writes that the journal will publish research "...bearing on the interconnection of mental and physiological functions", which describes the field of behavioral neuroscience even in its modern sense.<ref name="Dewsbury" />

[[Neuroscience]] is considered a relatively new discipline, with the first conference for the Society of Neuroscience occurring in 1971. The meeting was held to merge different fields focused on studying the [[nervous system]] (ex. [[neuroanatomy]], [[neurochemistry]], [[physiological psychology]], [[neuroendocrinology]], [[Neurology|clinical neurology]], [[neurophysiology]], [[neuropharmacology]], etc.) by creating one interdisciplinary field. In 1983, the ''Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology'', published by the American Psychological Association, was split into two separate journals: ''Behavioral Neuroscience'' and the ''Journal of Comparative Psychology''. The author of the journal at the time gave reasoning for this separation, with one being that behavioral neuroscience is the broader contemporary advancement of physiological psychology. Furthermore, in all animals, the nervous system is the organ of behavior. Therefore, every biological and behavioral variable that influences behavior must go through the nervous system to do so. Present-day research in behavioral neuroscience studies all biological variables which act through the nervous system and relate to behavior.<ref name=":03">{{Citation |last=Thompson |first=R. F. |title=Behavioral Neuroscience |date=2001-01-01 |work=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |pages=1118–1125 |editor-last=Smelser |editor-first=Neil J. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B0080430767034057 |access-date=2024-10-11 |place=Oxford |publisher=Pergamon |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/03405-7 |isbn=978-0-08-043076-8 |editor2-last=Baltes |editor2-first=Paul B.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

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