Editing Behaviorism (section)

==Branches of behaviorism==
The titles given to the various branches of behaviorism include:
* [[Behavioral genetics]]: Proposed in 1869 by [[Francis Galton]], a relative of [[Charles Darwin]]. Galton believed that inherited factors had a significant impact on individuals' behaviors, however did not believe nurturing was not important. Which was later discredited due to association with the eugenics movement - researchers did not want to associate with Nazi politics whether direct or indirect. {{doi|10.3724/sp.j.1041.2008.01073}}
* [[Interbehaviorism]]: Proposed by [[Jacob Robert Kantor]] before [[B. F. Skinner]]'s writings.
* '''Methodological behaviorism'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->: [[John B. Watson]]'s behaviorism states that only public events (motor behaviors of an individual) can be objectively observed. Although it was still acknowledged that thoughts and feelings exist, they were not considered part of the science of behavior.<ref name=RadicalBehaviorismCAB/><ref name="Skinner1976">{{Cite book |last=Skinner |first=BF |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7WKkwPzNqsC |title=About Behaviorism |publisher=Random House, Inc. |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-394-71618-3 |location=New York |page=18}}</ref><ref name=SEP/> It also laid the theoretical foundation for the early approach [[behavior modification]] in the 1970s and 1980s. Often compared to the views of B.F Skinner (radical behaviorism). Methodological behaviorism "representing the logical positivist-derived philosophy of science" which is common in science today, radical focuses on the "pragmatist perspective." {{JSTOR|27759016}}
* [[Psychological behaviorism]]: As proposed by Arthur W. Staats, unlike the previous behaviorisms of Skinner, Hull, and Tolman, was based upon a program of human research involving various types of human behavior. Psychological behaviorism introduces new principles of human learning. Humans learn not only by animal learning principles but also by special human learning principles. Those principles involve humans' uniquely huge learning ability. Humans learn repertoires that enable them to learn other things. Human learning is thus cumulative. No other animal demonstrates that ability, making the human species unique.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muckler |first=Frederick A. |date=June 1963 |title=On the Reason of Animals: Historical Antecedents to the Logic of Modern Behaviorism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1963.12.3.863 |journal=Psychological Reports |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=863–882 |doi=10.2466/pr0.1963.12.3.863 |issn=0033-2941 |s2cid=144398380|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Radical behaviorism]]: Skinner's philosophy is an extension of Watson's form of behaviorism by theorizing that processes within the organism—particularly, private events, such as thoughts and feelings—are also part of the science of behavior, and suggests that environmental variables control these internal events just as they control observable behaviors. Behavioral events may be observable but not all are, some are considered "private": they are accessible and noticed by only the person who is behaving. B.F. Skinner described behavior as the name for the part of the functioning of the organism that consists of its interacting or having commerce with its surrounding environment. In simple terms, how an individual interacts with its surrounding environment.[https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395771 [RB<nowiki>]</nowiki>] Although private events cannot be directly seen by others, they are later determined through the species' overt behavior. Radical behaviorism forms the core philosophy behind [[applied behavior analysis|behavior analysis]]. [[Willard Van Orman Quine]] used many of radical behaviorism's ideas in his study of knowledge and language.<ref name=Skinner1976/>
* [[Teleological behaviorism]]: Proposed by [[Howard Rachlin]], post-Skinnerian, purposive, close to [[microeconomics]]. Focuses on objective observation as opposed to cognitive processes.
* [[Theoretical behaviorism]]: Proposed by [[J. E. R. Staddon]],<ref name="Staddon2014">Staddon, John (2014) ''The New Behaviorism'' (2nd edition). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.</ref><ref>Staddon, John (2016) ''The Englishman: Memoirs of a psychobiologist.'' University of Buckingham Press.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malone |first=John C. |date=July 2004 |title=Modern molar behaviorism and theoretical behaviorism: religion and science |journal=[[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior]] |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=95–102 |doi=10.1901/jeab.2004.82-95 |pmc=1284997}}</ref>  adds a concept of internal state to allow for the effects of context. According to theoretical behaviorism, a state is a set of equivalent histories, i.e., past histories in which members of the same stimulus class produce members of the same response class (i.e., B. F. Skinner's concept of the operant). Conditioned stimuli are thus seen to control neither stimulus nor response but state. Theoretical behaviorism is a logical extension of Skinner's class-based (generic) definition of the operant.
Two subtypes of theoretical behaviorism are:
* [[Clark L. Hull|Hullian]] and post-Hullian: theoretical, group data, not dynamic, physiological
* Purposive: [[Edward C. Tolman|Tolman]]'s behavioristic anticipation of cognitive psychology

===Modern-day theory: radical behaviorism===
{{main|Radical behaviorism}}

B. F. Skinner proposed radical behaviorism as the conceptual underpinning of the [[experimental analysis of behavior]]. This viewpoint differs from other approaches to behavioral research in various ways, but, most notably here, it contrasts with methodological behaviorism in accepting feelings, states of mind and introspection as behaviors also subject to scientific investigation. Like methodological behaviorism, it rejects the reflex as a model of all behavior, and it defends the science of behavior as complementary to but independent of physiology. Radical behaviorism overlaps considerably with other western philosophical positions, such as American [[pragmatism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moxley |first=R.A. |year=2004 |title=Pragmatic selectionism: The philosophy of behavior analysis |url=http://www.baojournal.com |format=PDF |journal=The Behavior Analyst Today |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=108–25 |doi=10.1037/h0100137 |access-date=2008-01-10|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Although John B. Watson mainly emphasized his position of methodological behaviorism throughout his career, Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted the infamous [[Little Albert experiment]] (1920), a study in which [[Ivan Pavlov]]'s [[Classical conditioning#Forward conditioning|theory]] to respondent conditioning was first applied to eliciting a fearful reflex of crying in a human infant, and this became the launching point for understanding covert behavior (or private events) in ''radical'' behaviorism;<ref name=JEAB2010/> however, Skinner felt that aversive stimuli should only be experimented on with animals and spoke out against Watson for testing something so controversial on a human.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 1959, Skinner observed the emotions of two pigeons by noting that they appeared angry because their feathers ruffled. The pigeons were placed together in an operant chamber, where they were aggressive as a consequence of previous [[reinforcement (psychology)|reinforcement]] in the environment. Through [[stimulus control]] and subsequent discrimination training, whenever Skinner turned off the green light, the pigeons came to notice that the food [[extinction (psychology)|reinforcer is discontinued]] following each peck and responded without aggression. Skinner concluded that humans also learn aggression and possess such emotions (as well as other private events) no differently than do nonhuman animals.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}