Editing Bergmann's rule (section)

==Examples==
[[File:Bergmann's Rule.svg|thumb|350px|Bergmann's rule is an ecologic principle stating that body mass increases with colder climate. Data illustrating such a relationship are shown for [[moose]] (Eurasian elk) in Sweden.<ref name="Sand1995">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF00341355 | pmid=28306886 | title=Geographical and latitudinal variation in growth patterns and adult body size of Swedish moose (''Alces alces'') | journal=[[Oecologia]] | volume=102 | issue=4 | pages=433–442 | date=June 1995 | last1=Sand | first1=Håkan K. | last2=Cederlund | first2=Göran R. | last3=Danell | first3= Kjell |bibcode = 1995Oecol.102..433S | s2cid=5937734 }}</ref>]]
===Humans===
Human populations near the poles, including the [[Inuit]], [[Aleut people|Aleut]], and [[Sami people]], are on average heavier than populations from mid-latitudes, consistent with Bergmann's rule.<ref name=humans>{{Cite journal | last1=Holliday | first1=Trenton W. | last2=Hilton | first2=Charles E. | doi=10.1002/ajpa.21226 | title=Body proportions of circumpolar peoples as evidenced from skeletal data: Ipiutak and Tigara (Point Hope) versus Kodiak Island Inuit | journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume=142| issue=2 | pages=287–302 | date=June 2010 | pmid=19927367}}</ref> They also tend to have shorter limbs and broader trunks, consistent with [[Allen's rule]].<ref name=humans/> According to Marshall T. Newman in 1953, Native American populations are generally consistent with Bergmann's rule although the cold climate and small body size combination of the Eastern Inuit, Canoe Nation, [[Yuki people]], [[Andes]] natives and [[Harrison Lake]] [[St'at'imc|Lillooet]] runs contrary to the expectations of Bergmann's rule.<ref name="Newman" /> Newman contends that Bergmann's rule holds for the populations of [[Eurasia]], but it does not hold for those of [[sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name="Newman">{{cite journal |last=Newman |first=Marshall T. |date=August 1953 |title=The Application of Ecological Rules to the Racial Anthropology of the Aboriginal New World |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=311–327 |doi=10.1525/aa.1953.55.3.02a00020 |doi-access= }}</ref>

Human populations also show a decrease in stature with an increase in mean annual temperature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=DF |date=1954 |title=Body weight, race and climate |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=533–558 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330110404 |pmid=13124471 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Am+J+Phys+Anthropol&title=Body+weight,+race,+and+climate&author=DF+Roberts&volume=4&publication_year=1953&pages=533-58&doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330110404& |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Bergmann's rule holds for Africans with the pygmy phenotype and other [[pygmy peoples]]. These populations show a shorter stature and smaller body size due to an adaptation to hotter and more humid environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dominy |first1=Nathaniel |last2=Perry |first2=George |date=February 25, 2009 |title=Evolution of the human pygmy phenotype |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=218–225 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.008 |pmid=19246118 |bibcode=2009TEcoE..24..218P |url=https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/fulltext/S0169-5347(09)00042-1 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> With elevated environmental humidity, evaporative cooling (sweating) is a less effective way to dissipate body heat, but a higher surface area to volume ratio should provide a slight advantage through passive convective heat loss.
===Birds===
A 2019 study of changes in the morphology of migratory birds used bodies of birds which had collided with buildings in Chicago from 1978 to 2016. The length of birds' lower leg bones (an indicator of body size) shortened by an average of 2.4% and their wings lengthened by 1.3%. A similar study published in 2021 used measurements of 77 nonmigratory bird species captured live for banding in lowland [[Amazon rainforest]]. Between 1979 and 2019, all study species have gotten smaller on average, by up to 2% per decade. The morphological changes are regarded as resulting from [[global warming]], and may demonstrate an example of evolutionary change following Bergmann's rule.<ref name= "Vlamis2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50661448|title=Birds 'shrinking' as the climate warms|last=Vlamis|first=K.|date=4 December 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=5 December 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.audubon.org/news/north-american-birds-are-shrinking-likely-result-warming-climate|title=North American Birds Are Shrinking, Likely a Result of the Warming Climate|date=4 December 2019|website=Audubon | last = Liao | first = Kristine|language=en|access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref><ref name= "Weeks2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Weeks|first1=B. C.|last2=Willard|first2=D. E.|last3=Zimova|first3=M.|last4=Ellis|first4=A. A.|last5=Witynski|first5=M. L.|last6=Hennen|first6=M.|last7=Winger|first7=B. M.|date=2019|title=Shared morphological consequences of global warming in North American migratory birds|journal= Ecology Letters|volume= 23|issue= 2|pages=316–325|doi= 10.1111/ele.13434|pmid=31800170|hdl=2027.42/153188|s2cid=208620935|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jirinec|first1=Vitek|last2=Burner|first2=Ryan C.|last3=Amaral|first3=Bruna R.|last4=BierregaardJr|first4=Richard O.|last5=Fernández-Arellano|first5=Gilberto|last6=Hernández-Palma|first6=Angélica|last7=Johnson|first7=Erik I.|last8=Lovejoy|first8=Thomas E.|last9=Powell|first9=Luke L.|last10=Rutt|first10=Cameron L.|last11=Wolfe|first11=Jared D.|date=2021|title=Morphological consequences of climate change for resident birds in intact Amazonian rainforest|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=46|pages=eabk1743|language=EN|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abk1743|pmc=8589309|pmid=34767440|bibcode=2021SciA....7.1743J }}</ref>

===Reptiles===
Bergmann's rule has been reported to be vaguely followed by female crocodilians.<ref name="Lakin2020">{{cite journal|last1= Lakin|first1= R.J.|last2= Barrett|first2= P.M.|last3= Stevenson|first3= C.|last4= Thomas|first4= R.J.|last5= Wills|first5= M.A.|title= First evidence for a latitudinal body mass effect in extant Crocodylia and the relationships of their reproductive characters|journal= Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume= 129|issue= 4|pages= 875–887|year= 2020|doi= 10.1093/biolinnean/blz208|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name = "Georgiou2020">{{cite web |url= https://www.newsweek.com/crocodilians-earth-100-million-years-survivors-mass-extinctions-climate-change-1492027|title= Crocodilians, Which Have Walked Earth for Nearly 100 Million Years, Are Survivors of Mass Extinctions and May Be Able to Adapt to Climate Change |last= Georgiou |first= A.|date= 12 March 2020|website= newsweek.com |publisher= Newsweek|access-date= 2020-03-13}}</ref> However, for turtles<ref name="Angielczyk2015">{{cite journal|last1= Angielczyk|first1= K.D.|last2= Burroughs|first2= R.W.|last3= Feldman|first3= C.R.|title= Do turtles follow the rules? Latitudinal gradients in species richness, body size, and geographic range area of the world's turtles|journal= Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution|volume= 324|issue= 3|year= 2015|pages= 270–294|doi= 10.1002/jez.b.22602|pmid= 25588662|doi-access= free|bibcode= 2015JEZB..324..270A}}</ref> or lizards<ref name = "Pincheira2008">{{cite journal |last1= Pincheira-Donoso|first1= D.|last2= Hodgson|first2= D.J.|last3= Tregenza|first3= T.|title= The evolution of body size under environmental gradients in ectotherms: why should Bergmann's rule apply to lizards?|journal= BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume= 8|issue= 68|date= 2008|page= 68|doi= 10.1186/1471-2148-8-68|pmid= 18304333|pmc= 2268677|doi-access= free|bibcode= 2008BMCEE...8...68P}}</ref> the rule's validity has not been supported.

===Invertebrates===
Evidence of Bergmann's rule has been found in marine [[copepod]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Campbell, M.D. |display-authors=etal | title=Testing Bergmann's Rule in marine copepods |journal=Ecography |date=2021-08-21 |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1283–1295 |doi=10.1111/ecog.05545 |bibcode=2021Ecogr..44.1283C |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05545|hdl=10072/407178 |s2cid=238701490 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Plants===
Bergmann's rule cannot generally be applied to plants.<ref name = "Moles2009">{{Cite journal|last1= Moles|first1=A. T.|last2= Warton|first2=D. I.|last3= Warman|first3=L.|last4= Swenson|first4=N. G.|last5= Laffan|first5=S. W.|last6= Zanne|first6=A. E.|last7= Pitman|first7=A.|last8= Hemmings|first8=F. A.|last9= Leishman|first9=M. R.|date= 2009-09-01|title= Global patterns in plant height|journal= Journal of Ecology|volume= 97|issue= 5|pages= 923–932|doi= 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01526.x|doi-access= free|bibcode=2009JEcol..97..923M }}</ref> Regarding [[Cactaceae]], the case of the  saguaro (''[[Carnegiea gigantea]]''), once described as "a botanical Bergmann trend",<ref name = "Niering1963">{{Cite journal |author1= Niering, W.A.|author2= Whittaker, R.H.|author3= Lowe, C.H.|year=1963 |title=The saguaro: a population in relation to environment |journal=Science |volume=142 |issue=3588|pages=15–23 |doi=10.1126/science.142.3588.15|pmid=17812501|bibcode = 1963Sci...142...15N }}</ref> has instead been shown to depend on rainfall, particularly winter precipitation, and not temperature.<ref name = "Drezner2003">{{Cite journal|last= Drezner|first=T. D.|date= 2003-03-01|title= Revisiting Bergmann's rule for saguaros (''Carnegiea gigantea'' (Engelm.) Britt. and Rose): stem diameter patterns over space|journal= Journal of Biogeography|volume= 30|issue= 3|pages= 353–359|doi= 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00834.x|bibcode=2003JBiog..30..353D |s2cid=82276407 }}</ref> Members of the genus ''[[Rapicactus]]'' are larger in cooler environments, as their stem diameter increases with altitude and particularly with latitude. However, since ''Rapicactus'' grow in a distributional area in which average precipitation tends to diminish at higher latitudes, and their body size is not conditioned by climatic variables, this could suggest a possible Bergmann trend.<ref name = "Donati2016">{{Cite journal|last1= Donati|first1= D.|last2= Bianchi|first2= C.|last3= Pezzi|first3= G.|last4= Conte|first4= L.|last5= Hofer|first5= A.|last6= Chiarucci|first6= A.|date= 2016|title= Biogeography and ecology of the genus ''Turbinicarpus'' (Cactaceae): environmental controls of taxa richness and morphology|journal= Systematics and Biodiversity |volume= 15|issue=4 |pages=361–371 |doi= 10.1080/14772000.2016.1251504|s2cid= 90330480}}</ref>