Editing Berlin State Opera (section)

==History==
===Names===
Originally called the {{lang|de|Königliche Oper}} ('Royal Opera'), the company was renamed the {{lang|de|Preußische Staatsoper}} ('Prussian State Opera') in 1919. After [[World War II]] it began operating as the national opera company for Communist [[East Germany]], taking the name {{lang|de|Deutsche Staatsoper}} ('German State Opera') in 1955. 

In the West and colloquially, however, people used the name {{lang|de|Staatsoper Unter den Linden}} ('State Opera {{lang|de|Unter den Linden|italic=np}}') after the [[Unter den Linden|boulevard]] on which the theatre sits. This usage became more common after the collapse of East Germany in 1990, but, contrary to the company's website,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.staatsoper-berlin.de/en/|title=Homepage &#124; Staatsoper Berlin|website=www.staatsoper-berlin.de}}</ref> it was not officially adopted until 1995 and the old name still appeared on new recordings issued by the company as late as the following year.<ref>[https://www.discogs.com/de/release/5537696-Alban-Berg-Grundheber-Meier-Baker-Clark-Wottrich-Von-Kannen-Chor-Der-Deutschen-Staatsoper-Berlin-Sta/image/SW1hZ2U6MjM1MjU3MDg= Chor Der Deutschen Staatsoper Berlin] discogs.com {{better source|date=February 2024}}</ref><ref>[https://www.discogs.com/de/release/11792147-Beethoven-Itzhak-Perlman-Yo-Yo-Ma-Daniel-Barenboim-Chor-Der-Deutschen-Staatsoper-Berliner-Philharmon Triple Concerto, Choral Fantasy] discogs.com  {{better source|date=February 2024}}</ref>

===Early years===
[[File:Berlin Opernhaus um 1745.jpg|thumb|The Court Opera, {{Circa|1745}}]]
King [[Frederick II of Prussia]], shortly after his accession to the throne, commissioned the original building on the site. Though architecturally significant as an early example of the Palladian revival in Germany, the north and west façades are direct copies of [[Colen Campbell]]'s elevations at [[Stourhead]] and [[Wanstead House|Wanstead]] respectively.<ref>T. Blanning, ''Frederick the Great'' (London, 2015) p. 139</ref> Construction work began in July 1741, with what was designed by [[Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff]] to be the first part of a "Forum Fredericianum" on present-day [[Bebelplatz]]. Although not entirely completed, the Court Opera (''Hofoper'') was inaugurated with a performance of Carl Heinrich Graun's ''[[Cesare e Cleopatra]]'' on 7 December 1742. This event marked the beginning of the successful, 250-year co-operation between the Staatsoper and the [[Staatskapelle Berlin]], the state orchestra, whose roots trace back to the 16th century.

In 1821, the Berlin Opera—hosted at the [[Schauspielhaus Berlin]]—gave the premiere of Weber's ''[[Der Freischütz]]''. In 1842, [[Wilhelm Taubert]] instituted the tradition of regular symphonic concerts. In the same year, [[Giacomo Meyerbeer]] succeeded [[Gaspare Spontini]] as General Music Director. [[Felix Mendelssohn]] also conducted symphonic concerts for a year.
[[File:Koenigliches opernhaus berl.jpg|thumb|Interior, rebuilt after the fire in 1843]]
On 18 August 1843 the Linden Opera was destroyed by fire. The reconstruction of the building was supervised by architect [[Carl Ferdinand Langhans]], and the Königliches Opernhaus (Royal Opera House) was inaugurated the following autumn by a performance of Meyerbeer's ''[[Ein Feldlager in Schlesien]]''. In 1849, Otto Nicolai's ''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]'' was premiered at the Royal Opera House, conducted by the composer.

===20th century===
[[File:Staatsoper unter den Linden - Detail (Berlin).jpg|thumb|Auditorium, 2024]]
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Royal Court Opera, Berlin, attracted many illustrious conductors. They included [[Felix von Weingartner]], [[Karl Muck]], [[Richard Strauss]], [[Leo Blech]] and [[George Szell]]. After the collapse of the [[German Empire]] in 1918, the Opera was renamed ''Staatsoper Unter den Linden'' and the ''Königliche Kapelle'' became ''Kapelle der Staatsoper''.

In the 1920s, [[Kurt Adler]], [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]], [[Erich Kleiber]], [[Otto Klemperer]], [[Alexander von Zemlinsky]], [[Bruno Walter]] occupied the conductor's post. In 1925, [[Alban Berg]]'s ''[[Wozzeck]]'', was given its premiere in a production conducted by [[Erich Kleiber]] in the composer's presence.

After having undergone an extensive renovation, the Linden Opera reopened on 28 April 1928 with a new production of Mozart's ''[[Die Zauberflöte]]''. The cast included [[Delia Reinhardt (soprano)|Delia Reinhardt]], [[Richard Tauber]], [[Friedrich Schorr]] and [[Leo Schützendorf]], conducted by Erich Kleiber. The same year, the famous Russian bass [[Feodor Chaliapin]] and [[Serge Diaghilev]]'s ''[[Ballets Russes]]'' with conductor [[Ernest Ansermet]] were guest performers. In 1930 Erich Kleiber conducted the premiere of Darius Milhaud's ''[[Christophe Colomb]]''. However, in 1934, when symphonic pieces from Alban Berg's ''[[Lulu (opera)|Lulu]]'' were performed by Kleiber, the [[National Socialists]] provoked a scandal and the conductor was forced into exile.

After the ''[[Machtergreifung]]'' by the [[Nazi]]s, members of Jewish origin were dismissed from the ensemble. Many German musicians associated with the opera went into exile, including the conductors [[Kurt Adler]], [[Otto Klemperer]] and [[Fritz Busch]]. [[Clemens Krauss]] became a prominent German conductor first at the Berlin State Opera in 1933 and was then appointed as its director in 1935 due to Fritz Busch and Erich Kleiber resigning, respectively, their positions in protest over Nazi rule. In [[Nazi Germany]], [[Robert Heger]], [[Herbert von Karajan]] (1939–1945) and [[Johannes Schüler]] were the "''Staatskapellmeister''".

The opera house was destroyed on the night of 9/10 April 1941, during an air raid by the RAF. Hitler ordered its immediate reconstruction, despite wartime shortages, to increase morale. It reopened on 12 December 1942 with a performance of ''[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]]'', conducted by [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]], in celebration of the building's 200th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/staatsoper-unter-den-linden-%E2%80%93-architectural-history-deutsche-staatsoper-berlin/fAWxN9SR7aTlLg?hl=en | title=Staatsoper Unter den Linden – Architectural History }}</ref>

The opera house was ruined again in an air raid on 3 February 1945, when it was hit by three bombs that destroyed most of the structure, except the main facade on Unter den Linden.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/staatsoper-unter-den-linden-%E2%80%93-architectural-history-deutsche-staatsoper-berlin/fAWxN9SR7aTlLg?hl=en | title=Staatsoper Unter den Linden – Architectural History }}</ref>

===Postwar years===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-11116-0001, Berlin, Deutsche Staatsoper, Außenansicht.jpg|thumb|Damaged opera house, 1951 condition]]

The second rebuilding took a long time. From 1945, the opera company performed at the [[Admiralspalast]]. From 1949, the company served as the state opera of [[East Germany]]. It moved back to its original home after the rebuilding in freely adapted baroque forms was finally completed in 1955. The newly rebuilt opera house was opened, again, with Wagner's ''Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg''. After the [[Berlin Wall]] was built in 1961, the Opera was somewhat isolated, but still maintained a comprehensive repertoire that featured the classic and romantic period together with contemporary ballet and operas.

After reunification, the Linden Opera rejoined the operatic world. Important works that had already performed in the past were rediscovered and discussed anew within the framework of a "Berlin Dramaturgy". Baroque Opera in particular was at the center of attention, with Graun's ''Cleopatra e Cesare'', Keiser's ''[[Croesus (opera)|Croesus]]'', [[Florian Leopold Gassmann]]'s ''L'opera seria'' and Scarlatti's ''[[Griselda (A. Scarlatti)|Griselda]]''. These works were performed by Belgian conductor [[René Jacobs]] together with the [[Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin]] and the [[Freiburger Barockorchester]] on [[Historically informed performance|period instruments]]. In the 1990s, the opera was officially renamed ''Staatsoper Unter den Linden''.

In 1992, the [[Argentina|Argentine]]-Israeli conductor [[Daniel Barenboim]] was appointed ''Generalmusikdirektor'' (GMD). In 2000, the orchestra, according to its official website, elected Barenboim "conductor for life." During the 2002 ''Festtage'', he led a Wagner cycle in ten parts, a production created in collaboration with director [[Harry Kupfer]].  

In 2009, the Berlin State Opera was closed for renovation work led by German architect [[HG Merz]]. The roof of the opera building was raised and the [[proscenium]] prolonged to improve the acoustics. The capacity is now 1,350.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lautenbach |first1=Margriet |last2=Vercammen |first2=Martijn |title=Staatsoper Unter Den Linden Berlin |journal=Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics |date=2018 |volume=40 |page=64 |url=https://www.peutzgroup.com/sites/peutzgroup.com/files/publicaties/p8.pdf |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref> Other renovation and extension efforts included the director's building, the below-ground connection building and the depot building. The latter houses the new rehearsal center.  The house was reopened in 2017 with premieres of Humperdinck's ''[[Hänsel und Gretel (opera)|Hänsel und Gretel]]'' and Monteverdi's ''[[L'incoronazione di Poppea]]'' on one weekend.<ref name="BZ">{{cite news| last = Uehling| first = Peter| url = https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/kultur/musik/bewaehrungsprobe-fuer-die-staatsoper-zwei-premieren-an-einem-wochenende-29270538| title = Bewährungsprobe für die Staatsoper Zwei Premieren an einem Wochenende | newspaper = Berliner Zeitung| date = 10 December 2017| language = de| access-date = 23 December 2017}}</ref> The opera house also hosts the [[Staatskapelle Berlin]] orchestra.

On 6 January 2023, the company announced the resignation of Barenboim as its GMD, for health reasons.<ref>{{cite news | title=Daniel Barenboim, Titan of Conducting, Steps Down in Berlin | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/06/arts/music/daniel-barenboim-resignation-berlin.html | work=The New York Times | author=Alex Marshall | date=6 January 2023 | access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref>  In January 2023, [[Christian Thielemann]] stepped in as an emergency substitute conductor for Barenboim in a new company production of Richard Wagner's ''Der Ring des Nibelungen''.  In September 2023, the company announced the appointment of Thielemann as its next GMD, effective 1 September 2024.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.staatsoper-berlin.de/de/staatsoper/news/christian-thielemann-wird-neuer-generalmusikdirektor-der-staatsoper-unter-den-linden.305/ | title=Christian Thielemann wird neuer Generalmusikdirektor der Staatsoper Unter den Linden | publisher=Staatsoper Unter den Linden | date=27 September 2023 | access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author= | title=Thielemann wird Nachfolger von Barenboim an Berliner Staatsoper | url=https://www.rbb24.de/kultur/beitrag/2023/09/berlin-staatsoper-unter-den-linden-barenboim-nachfolger-thielemann.html | work=Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (rbb24) | date=27 September 2023 | access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Javier C. Hernández | title=Christian Thielemann to Succeed Daniel Barenboim at Berlin State Opera | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/27/arts/music/berlin-state-opera-christian-thielemann.html | work=The New York Times | date=27 September 2023 | access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed"; heights="170px">
Berlin Opera UdL asv2018-05.jpg|Exterior of the State Opera at evening [[blue hour]], 2018
Zuschauerraum Staatsoper 20171003.jpg|Auditorium of the State Opera on the day of reopening on 3 October 2017, after seven years of refurbishment
Berlin State Opera asv2021-11 img1.jpg|Auditorium, 2021
Berlin State Opera asv2021-11 img2.jpg|Apollo Hall, 2021
</gallery>