Editing Billy Graham (section)

==Early life==
[[File:Billy Graham Birthplace Marker, Charlotte, NC.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Birthplace marker for Graham near 4601 Park Rd, Charlotte, North Carolina]]
William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near [[Charlotte, North Carolina]].<ref name=Bruns2004pp5-14>{{cite book |last=Bruns |first=Roger |chapter=A Farm Boy Becomes a Preacher |pages=5–14 |chapter-url={{Google books|HQvtTF1HSL8C|page=5|plainurl=yes}} |title=Billy Graham: A Biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |series=Greenwood biographies |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32718-6}}</ref> Of [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish descent]], he was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (née Coffey) and dairy farmer William Franklin Graham Sr.<ref name=Bruns2004pp5-14 /> Graham was raised on the family dairy farm with his two younger sisters Catherine Morrow and Jean and younger brother Melvin Thomas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Billy Graham's Mother Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/16/obituaries/billy-graham-s-mother-dies.html|work=The New York Times Archives|date=August 16, 1981}}</ref> When he was nine years old, the family moved about {{convert|75|yd}} from their white frame house to a newly built red brick house.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://billygrahamlibrary.org/video-graham-family-homeplace/ |title=Billy Graham's Childhood Home |publisher=Billygrahamlibrary.org |access-date=October 21, 2015|date=September 22, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Bruns2004pp5-14" /> He was raised by his parents in the [[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]].<ref name="Bruns2004pp5-14" /><ref>David George Mullan, ''Narratives of the Religious Self in Early-Modern Scotland'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010, p. 27</ref> Graham attended the Sharon Grammar School.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.us/mothergraham.toc.html#Chapter |title=They Call Me Mother Graham Morrow Coffey Graham |work=ccel.us |access-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201129/http://www.ccel.us/mothergraham.toc.html#Chapter |archive-date=September 23, 2015 }}</ref> He started to read books from an early age and loved to read novels for boys, especially ''[[Tarzan (book series)|Tarzan]]''.<ref name="Bruns2004pp5-14" /> Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees and gave the popular [[Tarzan yell]]. According to his father, that yelling led him to become a minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://billygraham.org/story/billy-graham-trivia-what-did-billy-graham-read-as-a-child/-%27Billy-Graham-Trivia-What-Did-Billy-Graham-Read-as-a-Child|title=Billy Graham Trivia What Did Billy Graham Read as a Child|publisher=billygraham.org|date=August 10, 2015|access-date=October 10, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Graham was 15 when [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] ended in December 1933, and his father forced him and his sister Catherine to drink beer until they became sick. This created such an aversion that the two siblings avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives.<ref name="time1993">{{cite magazine |first1=Nancy |last1=Gibbs |first2=Richard N. |last2=Ostling |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979573,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621232638/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979573,00.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |title=God's Billy Pulpit |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=November 15, 1993 |access-date=November 7, 2011}}</ref>

Graham was turned down for membership in a local youth group for being "too worldly".<ref name="time1993" /> Albert McMakin, who worked on the Graham farm, persuaded him to go see evangelist [[Mordecai Ham]].<ref name="cincinnati post" /> According to his autobiography, Graham was 16 when he was [[Religious conversion|converted]] during a series of revival meetings that Ham led in Charlotte in 1934.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/faq/13.htm |title=Who led Billy Graham to Christ... |publisher=Archives, Billy Graham Center, Wheaton College |access-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110513224056/http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/faq/13.htm |archive-date=May 13, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=An Interview with Reverend Billy Graham|url=http://cmstory.org/billygraham|website=The Charlotte Mecklenburg Story|publisher=Charlotte Mecklenburg Library|access-date=October 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021132143/http://www.cmstory.org/billygraham|archive-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>

After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended [[Bob Jones University|Bob Jones College]]. After one semester, he found that the coursework and rules were too legalistic.<ref name="time1993" /> He was almost expelled, but [[Bob Jones Sr.]] warned him not to throw his life away: "At best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks... You have a voice that pulls. God can use that voice of yours. He can use it mightily."<ref name="time1993" />

In 1937, Graham transferred to the [[Trinity College (Florida)|Florida Bible Institute]] in [[Temple Terrace, Florida]].<ref>The institute is now [[Trinity College (Florida)|Trinity College of Florida]] in [[New Port Richey, Florida]]</ref> While still a student, Graham preached his first sermon at Bostwick Baptist Church near [[Palatka, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kirkland|first1=Gary|title=Graham's first-ever sermon? Near Palatka|url=http://www.gainesville.com/article/LK/20050625/News/604163212/GS/|access-date=February 21, 2018|newspaper=Gainesville Sun|date=June 25, 2005|archive-date=February 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043710/http://www.gainesville.com/article/LK/20050625/News/604163212/GS/}}</ref> In his autobiography, Graham wrote of receiving his calling on the 18th green of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club, which was adjacent to the institute's campus. Reverend Billy Graham Memorial Park was later established on the [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]], directly east of the 18th green and across from where Graham often paddled a canoe to a small island in the river, where he would practice preaching to the birds, alligators, and cypress stumps. In 1939, Graham was ordained by a group of Southern Baptist clergy at Peniel Baptist Church in [[Palatka, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://billygraham.org/about/biographies/billy-graham/ |title=Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr., Evangelist and Chairman of the Board |website=billygraham.org/ |publisher=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association |location=Charlotte, NC |access-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indepth: Billy Graham |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/graham_billy/ |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=December 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119143909/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/graham_billy/ |archive-date=January 19, 2011}}</ref> In 1940, he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Theology]] degree.<ref>Bill Adler, ''Ask Billy Graham: The World's Best-Loved Preacher Answers Your Most Important Questions'', Thomas Nelson Inc, USA, 2010, p. VIII</ref><ref>Beau Zimmer, [https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/local/rev-billy-graham-attended-bible-college-in-temple-terrace/67-521631530 Rev. Billy Graham attended Bible College in Temple Terrace], wtsp.com, USA, February 21, 2018</ref>

Graham then enrolled in [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]] in [[Wheaton, Illinois]]. During his time there, he decided to accept the Bible as the [[Biblical infallibility|infallible]] word of God. [[Henrietta Mears]] of the [[First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood]] in California was instrumental in helping Graham wrestle with the issue. He settled it at Forest Home Christian Camp (now called Forest Home Ministries) southeast of the [[Big Bear Lake, California|Big Bear Lake area]] in [[southern California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Billy Graham's California Dream |url=http://www.californiality.com/2011/12/billy-grahams-california.html |work=californiality.com |access-date=August 14, 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://billygraham.org/story/the-tree-stump-prayer-where-billy-graham-overcame-doubt/|title=The Tree Stump Prayer: When Billy Graham Overcame Doubt|website=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association}}</ref> While attending Wheaton, Graham was invited to preach one Sunday in 1941 at the United Gospel Tabernacle church. After that, the congregation repeatedly asked Graham to preach at their church and later asked him to become the pastor of their church. After Graham prayed and sought advice from his friend Dr. Edman, Graham became their church's pastor.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Whalin|first=Terry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsaeBAAAQBAJ|title=Billy Graham A Biography of America's Greatest Evangelist|publisher=[[Morgan James Publishing]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-63047-231-3|pages=32–33|language=English}}</ref>

In June 1943, Graham graduated from Wheaton College<ref>{{Cite book|last=Laurie|first=Greg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbsyEAAAQBAJ&dq=billy+graham+preached+western+springs+baptist+church&pg=PA115|title=Billy Graham The Man I Knew|publisher=[[Salem Books]]|year=2021|isbn=978-1-68451-059-7|pages=115–117|language=English}}</ref> with a degree in [[anthropology]].<ref name="Wheaton Alumnus Billy Graham Update">[https://www.wheaton.edu/news/recent-news/2018/february/wheaton-college-alumnus-billy-graham/ "Wheaton College Alumnus Billy Graham: 1918–2018".] Wheaton.edu. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</ref> That same year, [[Robert Van Kampen]], treasurer of the National Gideon Association, invited Graham to preach at Western Springs Baptist Church, and Graham accepted the opportunity on the spot. While there, his friend Torrey Johnson, pastor of the Midwest Bible Church in Chicago, told Graham that his radio program, ''Songs in the Night'', was about to be canceled due to lack of funding. Consulting with the members of his church in Western Springs, Graham decided to take over Johnson's program with financial support from his congregation. Launching the new radio program on January 2, 1944, still called ''Songs in the Night'', Graham recruited the [[bass-baritone]] [[George Beverly Shea]] as his director of radio ministry.

With [[World War II]] underway, Graham applied to become a chaplain in the [[United States Army]]. After he was initially turned down for being underweight, Graham was awarded a commission as a Second Lieutenant, but came down with a severe case of [[mumps]] in October 1944 before he could begin chaplain training at [[Harvard Divinity School]] and was bedridden for six weeks. Due to his illness and the fact that the war was expected to end soon, he was discharged from the army.<ref>Whalin, p. 44</ref><ref>Wacker, Grant: ''One Soul at a time: The Story of Billy Graham'' (2019)</ref> After a period of recuperation in Florida, he was hired as the first full-time [[evangelism|evangelist]] of the new [[Youth for Christ]] (YFC), co-founded by [[Torrey Johnson]] and the Canadian evangelist [[Charles Templeton]]. In his first year as a YFC evangelist, Graham spoke in 47 US states. He traveled extensively as an evangelist in the United States and Europe in the immediate post-war era, making his first overseas trip in 1946.<ref>[https://www.al.com/press-releases/2018/02/press_release_when_the_world_m.html When the world met Billy Graham -- Youth for Christ's first employee]</ref>

In 1948, in a [[Modesto, California]] hotel room, Graham and his evangelistic team established the [[Billy Graham rule|Modesto Manifesto]]: a code of ethics for life and work to protect against accusations of financial, sexual, and power abuse.<ref>Seth Dowland, [https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/the-modesto-manifesto/ The "Modesto Manifesto"], christianhistoryinstitute.org, USA, No. 111, 2014</ref> The code includes rules for collecting offerings in churches, working only with churches supportive of cooperative evangelism, using official crowd estimates at outdoor events, and a commitment to never be alone with a woman other than his wife (which become known as the "Billy Graham rule").<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taylor|first1=Justin|title=Where Did the 'Billy Graham Rule' Come From?|url=https://blogs.thegospelcoalition.org/evangelical-history/2017/03/30/where-did-the-billy-graham-rule-come-from/|publisher=[[The Gospel Coalition]]|access-date=April 2, 2017|date=March 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>Yonat Shimron, [https://religionnews.com/2018/02/23/billy-graham-made-sure-integrity-never-question/ Billy Graham made sure his integrity was never in question], religionnews.com, USA, February 23, 2018</ref>

Graham was 29 when he became president of [[University of Northwestern – St. Paul|Northwestern Bible College]] in [[Minneapolis]] in 1948. He was the youngest president of a college or university in the country, and held the position for four years before he resigned in 1952.<ref name="ABC 2018 Youngest president">[http://kstp.com/national/christian-evangelist-rev-billy-graham-dies-age-99/4797356/ AP and Hauser, Tom. "Evangelist Billy Graham, a former Minnesota College president, dies at 99".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302225315/http://kstp.com/national/christian-evangelist-rev-billy-graham-dies-age-99/4797356/ |date=March 2, 2018 }} ''ABC Eyewitness News''. February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</ref> While serving in this position, Charles Templeton urged him to apply to [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] for an advanced theological degree after he himself had done so, but Graham declined and continued in his position as president of Northwestern Bible College.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=NvTR05fodqYC ''Farewell to God: My Reasons for Rejecting the Christian Faith''].{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}</ref>

===Crusades===
{{main|List of Billy Graham's crusades}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 194-0798-29, Düsseldorf, Veranstaltung mit Billy Graham.jpg|thumb|Graham speaking at a Crusade in [[Düsseldorf]], West Germany, on June 21, 1954.]]

The first Billy Graham Crusade was held on September 13–21, 1947, at the [[Welsh Auditorium|Civic Auditorium]] in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], and was attended by 6,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2018 |title=Remembering the Billy Graham Crusades That Led People to Jesus |url=https://www2.cbn.com/news/us/remembering-billy-graham-crusades-led-people-jesus |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=[[Christian Broadcasting Network]]}}</ref> Graham was 28 years old then, and would rent a large venue (such as a stadium, park, or even a street); as the crowds became larger, he arranged for a group of up to 5,000 people to sing in a choir. He would preach the [[gospel]] and invite individuals to come forward (a practice begun by [[Dwight L. Moody]]); such people were called "inquirers" and were given the chance to speak one-on-one with a counselor to clarify questions and pray together. The inquirers were often given a copy of the [[Gospel of John]] or a Bible study booklet.

In 1949, Graham scheduled a series of [[revival meeting]]s in [[Los Angeles Crusade (1949)|Los Angeles]], for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot.<ref name="cincinnati post" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Daniel |date=February 21, 2018 |title=How Billy Graham became the most famous preacher in America |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/21/us/how-billy-graham-became-famous/index.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> He attracted national media coverage, especially in the conservative [[William Randolph Hearst|Hearst chain]] of newspapers, although Hearst and Graham never met.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jcs/39.2.273 |jstor=23919865 |title=When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=273–95 |year=1997 |last1=King |first1=Randall E.}}</ref> The crusade event ran for eight weeks–five weeks longer than originally planned. Graham became a national figure, with heavy coverage from the wire services and national magazines.<ref>William Martin, "The Riptide of Revival", ''Christian History and Biography'' (2006), Issue 92, pp. 24–29, online</ref> Pianist [[Rudy Atwood]], who played for the tent meetings, wrote that they "rocketed Billy Graham into national prominence, and resulted in the conversion of a number of show-business personalities".<ref>{{cite book|first=Rudy|last=Atwood|title=The Rudy Atwood Story|publisher=Revell|year=1970|location=Old Tappan, New Jersey|oclc=90745|page=113}}</ref>

In 1953, Graham was offered a five-year, $1&nbsp;million contract from [[NBC]] to appear on television opposite [[Arthur Godfrey]], but he had prior commitments and turned-down the offer to continue his live touring revivals.<ref name="satevepost" /> Graham held crusades in London that lasted 12 weeks, and a [[New York Crusade (1957)|New York City crusade]] at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]], in 1957, ran nightly for 16 weeks. At a 1973 rally, attended by 100,000 people, in [[Durban]], South Africa—the first large mixed-race event in [[apartheid]] South Africa—Graham openly declared that "apartheid is a sin".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cswc.div.ed.ac.uk/2018/03/billy-graham-1918-2018-prophet-of-world-christianity/|title=Billy Graham (1918–2018): Prophet of World Christianity?|last=Stanley|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Stanley (historian)|date=March 2, 2018|website=Centre for the Study of World Christianity|language=en-GB|access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AUDIO: Billy Graham Confronts Racism, Teaches God Loves Everyone|url=https://billygraham.org/audio/confronting-racism-billy-graham-teaches-god-loves-everyone/|access-date=November 22, 2020|website=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association}}</ref> In [[Moscow|Moscow, Russia]], in 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 people in Graham's audience went-forward at his call.<ref name="time1993" /> During his crusades, he frequently used the [[altar call]] song, "[[Just As I Am (hymn)#Altar Song in the Billy Graham crusades|Just As I Am]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eckstrom |first=Kevin |date=February 21, 2018 |title='Just As I Am' was Billy Graham's signature hymn |url=https://religionnews.com/2018/02/21/just-as-i-am-was-billy-grahams-signature-hymn/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=[[Religion News Service]]}}</ref> In 1995, during the Global Mission event, he preached a sermon at [[Estadio Hiram Bithorn]] in [[San Juan (Puerto Rico)|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]], that was transmitted by satellite to 185 countries and translated into 116 languages.<ref>Andrew S. Finstuen, Anne Blue Wills, Grant Wacker, ''Billy Graham: American Pilgrim'', Oxford University Press, UK, 2017, p. 104</ref>

[[File:Countries that preacher Billy Graham visited for his crusades.jpg|thumb|Countries in which Billy Graham preached are colored in blue.]]

By the time of his last crusade in 2005 in New York City, he had preached  417 live crusades, including 226 in the US and 195 abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grossman |first=Cathy Lynn |date=February 21, 2018 |title=Billy Graham reached millions through his crusades. Here's how he did it |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/02/21/billy-graham-crusades-how-evangelists-reached-millions/858165001/ |access-date=October 11, 2023 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Billy Graham Crusades |url=https://billygraham.org/news/media-resources/electronic-press-kit/crusade-cities/crusades/ |access-date=June 5, 2023 |website=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Usborne |date=June 24, 2005 |title=Billy Graham and the Last Crusade |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/billy-graham-and-the-last-crusade-294716.html |work=The Independent}}</ref>

====Student ministry====
Graham spoke at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship's [[Urbana (conference)|Urbana Student Missions Conference]] at least nine times – in 1948, 1957, 1961, 1964, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1984, and 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intervarsity.org/news/billy-graham-intervarsity--new-york-city-1788 |title=Billy Graham, InterVarsity & New York City |publisher=intervarsity.org |date=June 21, 2005 |access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref>

At each Urbana conference, he challenged the thousands of attendees to make a commitment to follow Jesus Christ for the rest of their lives. He often quoted a six-word phrase that was reportedly written in the Bible of [[William Whiting Borden]], the son of a wealthy silver magnate: "No reserves, no retreat, no regrets".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/regret.htm |title=William Borden: No Reserves. No Retreats. No Regrets |publisher=Home.snu.edu |access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> Borden had died in Egypt on his way to the mission field.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2018 |title=InterVarsity Remembers Billy Graham |url=https://intervarsity.org/news/intervarsity-remembers-billy-graham |access-date=March 19, 2022 |website=InterVarsity |language=en}}</ref>

Graham also held evangelistic meetings on a number of college campuses: at the University of Minnesota during InterVarsity's "Year of Evangelism" in 1950–51, a 4-day mission at Yale University in 1957, and a week-long series of meetings at the University of North Carolina's Carmichael Auditorium in September 1982.<ref>''For Christ and the University: The Story of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship of the USA – 1940–1990'' by Keith Hunt and Gladys Hunt, InterVarsity Press, 1991.{{Page needed|date=March 2018}}</ref>

In 1955, he was invited by Cambridge University students to lead the mission at the university; the mission was arranged by the [[Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union]], with London pastor-theologian [[John Stott]] serving as Graham's chief assistant. This invitation was greeted with much disapproval in the correspondence columns of ''[[The Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Oliver Barclay |url=https://share.trin.cam.ac.uk/sites/public/Alumni/obituaries/Oliver_Barclay.pdf |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=October 4, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210183950/https://share.trin.cam.ac.uk/sites/public/Alumni/obituaries/Oliver_Barclay.pdf |archive-date=December 10, 2014 }}</ref>

====Evangelistic association====
In 1950, Graham founded the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] (BGEA) with its headquarters in [[Minneapolis]]. The association relocated to [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], in 2003,<ref name="BG">{{cite web | title=Billy Graham | website=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association | date=September 1, 2020 | url=https://billygraham.org/about/biographies/billy-graham/ | access-date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> and maintains a number of international offices, such as in Hong Kong, Tokyo, and [[Buenos Aires]].<ref name=":0" /> BGEA ministries have included:

* ''[[Hour of Decision]]'', a weekly radio program broadcast around the world for 66 years (1950–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wfmynews2.com/article/news/local/rev-billy-graham-his-life-by-the-numbers-years-and-millions/83-523431321|title=Rev. Billy Graham: His Life By The Numbers, Years, and Millions|date=February 26, 2018 |publisher=WFMY|access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref>
* Mission television specials broadcast in almost every market in the US and Canada{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}
* A syndicated newspaper column, ''My Answer'', carried by newspapers across the United States and distributed by [[Tribune Content Agency]]<ref name="tca">{{cite web |title=My Answer: From the writings of the Rev. Billy Graham |website=Tribune Content Agency |url=https://tribunecontentagency.com/premium-content/advice/my-answer/ |access-date=October 9, 2018}}</ref>
* ''Decision'' magazine, the official publication of the association<ref>{{cite web|title=Formats and Editions of Decision magazine|url=https://www.worldcat.org/formats-editions/14192314|publisher=[[WorldCat]]|access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[Christianity Today]],'' started in 1956 with [[Carl F. H. Henry]] as its first editor<ref>{{Cite journal |last=TOULOUSE |first=MARK G. |date=1993 |title="Christianity Today" and American Public Life: A Case Study |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=241–284 |doi=10.1093/jcs/35.2.241 |jstor=23918687 |issn=0021-969X}}</ref>
* Passageway.org, the website for a youth discipleship program created by BGEA<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewara |first=Bola |date=February 23, 2018 |title=30 FACTS YOU DID NOT KNOW ABOUT BILLY GRAHAM – By Bola Adewara |url=https://elifeonline.net/11828-2/ |access-date=March 19, 2022 |website=Reporting the living Word |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[World Wide Pictures]], which has produced and distributed more than 130 films<ref>John Lyden, ''The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film'', Taylor & Francis, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2009, p. 82</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Billy Graham |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0333932/bio#trivia |access-date=March 19, 2022 |website=IMDb |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2013, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started "My Hope With Billy Graham", the largest outreach in its history. It encouraged church members to spread the gospel in small group meetings, after showing a video message by Graham. "The idea is for Christians to follow the example of the disciple [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]] in the New Testament and spread the gospel in their own homes."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2013/04/new_billy_graham_outreach_host.html |title=New Billy Graham outreach: Hosting 'Matthew parties' to share the gospel |publisher=al.com |access-date=August 12, 2013|date=April 16, 2013 }}</ref> "The Cross" video is the main program in the My Hope America series, and was also broadcast the week of Graham's 95th birthday.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Evangelist Billy Graham to mark 95th birthday with message to America | last=Jenkins | first=Colleen |work=[[Reuters]] | date=October 31, 2013 | access-date=November 6, 2018 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-people-graham/evangelist-billy-graham-to-mark-95th-birthday-with-message-to-america-idUSBRE99U14020131031}}</ref>

====Civil rights movement====
Graham's early crusades were [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregated]], but he began adjusting his approach in the 1950s.{{sfn|Schier|2013|pages=404–5}} During a 1953 rally in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Graham tore down the ropes that organizers had erected to segregate the audience into racial sections. In his memoirs, he recounted that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down "or you can go on and have the revival without me."{{sfn|Miller|2009|pp=13–38}} During a sermon held at [[Vanderbilt University]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] on August 23, 1954, he warned a white audience, "Three-fifths of the world is not white. They are rising all over the world. We have been proud and thought we were better than any other race, any other people. Ladies and gentlemen, I want to tell you that we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride."<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 25, 1954 |title=Text Of Second Graham Sermon, Delivered To Capacity Crowd In VU Gym |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/nashville-banner-text-of-second-graham-s/138495295/ |access-date=January 10, 2024 |work=[[Nashville Banner]] |page=6 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref>{{sfn|Miller|2009|pp=13–38}}

In 1957, Graham's stance towards integration became more publicly shown when he allowed black ministers Thomas Kilgore and [[Gardner C. Taylor]] to serve as members of his New York Crusade's executive committee.<ref name=grahammlik/> He also invited [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], whom he first met during the [[Montgomery bus boycott]] in 1955,<ref name=grahammlik /> to join him in the pulpit at his 16-week revival in New York City, where 2.3&nbsp;million gathered at [[Madison Square Garden]], [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]], and [[Times Square]] to hear them.<ref name="cincinnati post" /> Graham recalled in his autobiography that during this time, he and King developed a close friendship and that he was eventually one of the few people who referred to King as "Mike", a nickname which King asked only his closest friends to call him.<ref>[http://www.billygraham.org/articlepage.asp?articleid=8423 Remembering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Gun Fire 45 Years Ago Kills Man that Billy Graham Considered a Friend] Billy Graham.com, April 4, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013</ref> Following King's assassination in 1968, Graham mourned that the US had lost "a social leader and a prophet".<ref name=grahammlik /> In private, Graham advised King and other members of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] (SCLC).{{sfn|Aikman|2010|pp=195–203}}

Despite their friendship, tensions between Graham and King emerged in 1958, when the sponsoring committee of a crusade that took place in [[San Antonio]], Texas, on July 25 arranged for Graham to be introduced by that state's segregationist governor, [[Price Daniel]].<ref name=grahammlik /> On July 23, King sent a letter to Graham and informed him that allowing Daniel to speak at a crusade which occurred the night before the state's Democratic Primary "can well be interpreted as your endorsement of racial segregation and discrimination."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/23-July-1958_ToGraham.pdf |title=To Billy Graham |access-date=December 9, 2013 |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031211839/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/23-July-1958_ToGraham.pdf }}</ref> Graham's advisor, Grady Wilson, replied to King that "even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every issue, we still love him in Christ."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/28-July-1958_FromWilson.pdf |title=From Grady Wilson |access-date=December 9, 2013 |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031212047/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/28-July-1958_FromWilson.pdf }}</ref> Though Graham's appearance with Daniel dashed King's hopes of holding joint crusades with Graham in the Deep South,{{sfn|Aikman|2010|pp=195–203}} the two remained friends; the next year King told a Canadian television audience that Graham had taken a "very strong stance against segregation."{{sfn|Aikman|2010|pp=195–203}} Graham and King would also come to differ on the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name=grahammlik /> After King's "[[Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence|Beyond Vietnam]]" speech denouncing US intervention in Vietnam, Graham castigated him and others for their criticism of US foreign policy.<ref name=grahammlik />

By the middle of 1960, King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the [[Baptist World Alliance]].<ref name=grahammlik /> In 1963, Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the [[Birmingham campaign|Birmingham (Alabama) campaign]], according to Michael Long,{{sfn|Long|2008|pp=150–151}} and the King Center acknowledged that Graham had bailed King out of jail during the [[Albany Movement]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/2179|title=The Archive – The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change|website=thekingcenter.org|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315074536/http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/2179|archive-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> although historian Steven Miller told CNN he could not find any proof of the incident.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/22/us/billy-graham-mlk-civil-rights/index.html |title=Where Billy Graham 'missed the mark' |date=February 22, 2018 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |first=John |last=Blake}}</ref> Graham held integrated crusades in Birmingham on Easter of 1964, in the aftermath of the [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing|bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church]], and toured Alabama again in the wake of the violence that accompanied the first [[Selma to Montgomery marches|Selma to Montgomery march]] in 1965.<ref name=grahammlik />

Following Graham's death, former SCLC official and future Atlanta politician [[Andrew Young]] (who spoke alongside [[Coretta Scott King]] at Graham's 1994 crusade in Atlanta),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gM6KphyINsC&q=andrew+young+wife+1994+billy+graham&pg=PA64|title=Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America|page=64|first1=Michael O.|last1=Emerson|first2=Christian|last2=Smith|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514707-0|date=July 20, 2000|access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref> acknowledged his friendship with Graham and stated that Graham did in fact travel with King to the 1965 European Baptist Convention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.11alive.com/video/news/billy-graham-passes-away-andrew-young-remembers-the-reverend/85-8015124|title=Billy Graham passes away: Andrew Young remembers the reverend|access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref> Young also claimed that Graham had often invited King to his crusades in the Northern states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/rev-billy-graham-remembered-as-a-friend-to-the-civil-rights-movement|title=Civil rights leader reflects on Billy Graham's impact on Atlanta, movement|last=FOX|date=February 22, 2018|access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref> Former [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC) leader and future United States Congressman [[John Lewis]] also credited Graham as a major inspiration for his activism.<ref name=lewisspeaks>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PqRiItBO-E Billy Graham passes away: Congressman John Lewis remembers the reverend] [[WXIA-TV|11 Alive]], February 21, 2018, Accessed October 6, 2020</ref> Lewis described Graham as a "saint" and someone who "taught us how to live and who taught us how to die".<ref name=lewisspeaks />

Graham's faith prompted his maturing view of race and segregation. He told a member of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] that integration was necessary, primarily for religious reasons. "There is no scriptural basis for segregation," Graham argued. "The ground at the foot of the cross is level, and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross."<ref name="baptisthistory">{{cite news |title=Billy Graham: an appreciation |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87912863.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829105151/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87912863.html |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |publisher=Baptist History and Heritage |date=June 22, 2006 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Cleared_version_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_The_Reverend_Billy_Graham.png|thumb|Graham at the World Congress of Evangelism at [[West Berlin]], 1966 with [[Haile Selassie|Emperor Haile Selassie I]] of Ethiopia]]

==== Lausanne Movement ====
The friendship between Graham and John Stott led to a further partnership in the [[Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization|Lausanne Movement]], of which Graham was a founder. It built on Graham's 1966 World Congress on Evangelism in [[Berlin]].{{clarify|date=December 2013}} In collaboration with ''[[Christianity Today]]'', Graham convened what ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine described as "a formidable forum, possibly the widest–ranging meeting of Christians ever held"<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Religion: A Challenge from Evangelicals |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879423,00.html |magazine=Time |date=August 5, 1974 |access-date=December 12, 2013}}</ref> with 2,700 participants from 150 nations gathering for the [[First International Congress on World Evangelization|International Congress on World Evangelization]]. Women were represented by [[Millie Dienert]], who chaired the prayer committee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Churchwoman to give talk|newspaper=[[The Oklahoman]]|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/article/2553590/churchwoman-to-give-talk|date=October 26, 1996|access-date=March 10, 2021}}</ref> This took place in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland (July 16–25, 1974), and the movement which ensued took its name from the host city. Its purpose was to strengthen the global church for world evangelization, and to engage ideological and sociological trends which bore on this.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Graham, Billy |date=July 16, 1974 |title=Why Lausanne? |medium=Audio recording |location=Lausanne, Switzerland |publisher=Billy Graham Center Archives |url=http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/docs/Lausanne/704/graham.htm |access-date=December 14, 2013 |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214005434/http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/docs/Lausanne/704/graham.htm }}</ref> Graham invited Stott to be chief architect of the [[Lausanne Covenant]], which issued from the Congress and which, according to Graham: "helped challenge and unite evangelical Christians in the great task of world evangelization."<ref>{{cite book |last=Stott |first=John |year=1997 |title=Making Christ known: historic mission documents from the Lausanne Movement, 1974–1989 |chapter=Foreword by Billy Graham |location=US |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |isbn=0-8028-4315-8}}</ref> The movement remains a significant fruit of Graham's legacy, with a presence in nearly every nation.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2010/september/34.66.html |title=The Most Diverse Gathering Ever |author=Kennedy, John W. |journal=Christianity Today |date=September 29, 2010 |access-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref>