Editing Biological interaction (section)

==History==
Although biological interactions, more or less individually, were studied earlier, [[Edward Haskell]] (1949) gave an integrative approach to the thematic, proposing a classification of "co-actions",<ref>Haskell, E. F. (1949). A clarification of social science. ''Main Currents in Modern Thought'' 7: 45–51.</ref> later adopted by biologists as "interactions". Close and long-term interactions are described as [[symbiosis]];{{efn|Symbiosis was formerly used to mean a mutualism.}} symbioses that are mutually beneficial are called [[mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burkholder |first=Paul R. |date=1952 |title=Cooperation and Conflict Among Primitive Organisms |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27826458 |journal=American Scientist |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=600–631 |jstor=27826458 |issn=0003-0996}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bronstein |first=Judith L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgVDAAAQBAJ |title=Mutualism |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967565-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Elizabeth G. |date=2016-10-12 |title=Orienting the Interaction Compass: Resource Availability as a Major Driver of Context Dependence |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=e2000891 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000891 |doi-access=free |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=5061325 |pmid=27732591}}</ref>

The term symbiosis was subject to a century-long debate about whether it should specifically denote mutualism, as in [[lichen]]s or in parasites that benefit themselves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Douglas |first=A. E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/437054000 |title=The symbiotic habit |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11341-8 |location=Princeton, N.J. |oclc=437054000}}</ref> This debate created two different classifications for biotic interactions, one based on the time (long-term and short-term interactions), and other based on the magnitude of interaction force (competition/mutualism) or effect of individual fitness, according the '''[[stress gradient hypothesis]]''' and [[Mutualism Parasitism Continuum]]. [[Evolutionary game theory]] such as [[Red Queen hypothesis|Red Queen Hypothesis]], [[Red King hypothesis|Red King Hypothesis]] or [[Black Queen hypothesis|Black Queen Hypothesis]], have demonstrated a classification based on the force of interaction is important.{{cn|date=May 2023}}