Editing Biopsychosocial model (section)

==Current status ==
A 2024 review proposed use of the BPSM because the biomedical model did not fit the social and psychological aspects of health problems.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/29/introducing-biopsychosocial-model-good-medicine-and-good-doctors|title=Introducing the Biopsychosocial Model for good medicine and good doctors|first=Shane J. Mc|last=Inerney|date=March 29, 2025|via=www.bmj.com}}</ref>

A 2023 review said that in the previous decades substantial evidence had arisen supporting BPSM, although the theory of it remained unclear.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A revitalized biopsychosocial model: core theory, research paradigms, and clinical implications|first=Derek|last=Bolton|date=December 31, 2023|journal=Psychological Medicine|volume=53|issue=16|pages=7504–7511|doi=10.1017/S0033291723002660|pmid=37681273|pmc=10755226}}</ref>

A 2021 review found a substantial gap between healthcare professionals knowledge of the BPSM and their adoption of it in clinical practice.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.lww.com/pain/abstract/2021/08000/barriers_and_enablers_influencing_healthcare.2.aspx | doi=10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002217 | title=Barriers and enablers influencing healthcare professionals' adoption of a biopsychosocial approach to musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis | date=2021 | last1=Ng | first1=Wendy | last2=Slater | first2=Helen | last3=Starcevich | first3=Cobie | last4=Wright | first4=Anthony | last5=Mitchell | first5=Tim | last6=Beales | first6=Darren | journal=Pain | volume=162 | issue=8 | pages=2154–2185 | pmid=33534357 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.3389/fpain.2023.1169178 | doi-access=free | title=Applying the behavioural change wheel to guide the implementation of a biopsychosocial approach to musculoskeletal pain care | date=2023 | last1=Ng | first1=Wendy | last2=Beales | first2=Darren | last3=Gucciardi | first3=Daniel F. | last4=Slater | first4=Helen | journal=Frontiers in Pain Research | volume=4 | pmid=37228807 | pmc=10204590 }}</ref>

A 2018 review found that BPSM in primary care could lead to improved clinical outcomes, through creating awareness of factors impacting health and enhancing self-management of patients' illnesses.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|title=Biopsychosocial model of illnesses in primary care: A hermeneutic literature review|first1=Hari|last1=Kusnanto|first2=Dwi|last2=Agustian|first3=Dany|last3=Hilmanto|date=March 31, 2018|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|volume=7|issue=3|pages=497–500|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_145_17|doi-access=free |pmid=30112296|pmc=6069638}}</ref>

A 2007 review said that the biopsychosocial model was widely accepted as the most [[heuristic]] approach to understanding and treating chronic pain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gatchel RJ, Peng YB, Peters ML, Fuchs PN, Turk DC | title = The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: scientific advances and future directions | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 133 | issue = 4 | pages = 581–624 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17592957 | doi = 10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581 | url = https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/files/76755442/Peters_2007_The_biophysical_approach_to_chronic.pdf }}</ref>

A 2004 review said the BPSM was widely used as both a philosophy of clinical care and a practical clinical guide useful for broadening the scope of a clinician's gaze. It proposed the model had evolved into a biopsychosocial and relationship-centered framework for physicians. It proposed three clarifications to the model, and identified seven established principles.
* Self-awareness.
* Active cultivation of trust.
* An emotional style characterized by empathic curiosity.
* Self-calibration as a way to reduce bias.
* Educating the emotions to assist with diagnosis and forming therapeutic relationships.
* Using informed intuition.
* Communicating clinical evidence to foster dialogue, not just the mechanical application of protocol.<ref name="Francesc">{{cite journal | vauthors = Borrell-Carrió F, Suchman AL, Epstein RM | title = The biopsychosocial model 25 years later: principles, practice, and scientific inquiry | journal = Annals of Family Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 6 | pages = 576–582 | date = Nov 2004 | pmid = 15576544 | pmc = 1466742 | doi = 10.1370/afm.245 }}</ref>

=== Institutional recognition ===
In the decade to 2015 there was a rising interest among healthcare researchers and practicing medical professionals in the biopsychosocial model.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> However, despite the rising interest, medical schools had limited use of the model in their curriculums relative to the increasing literature about the model.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jaini |first1=Paresh Atu |last2=Lee |first2=Jenny Seung-Hyun |date=September 2015 |title=A Review of 21st Century Utility of a Biopsychosocial Model in United States Medical School Education |journal=Journal of Lifestyle Medicine |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.15280/jlm.2015.5.2.49 |issn=2234-8549 |pmc=4711959 |pmid=26770891}}</ref>