Editing Biosecurity (section)

==Background and terminology==
The term "biosecurity" has been defined differently by various disciplines. The term was first used by the [[agricultural]] and [[environmental science|environmental]] communities to describe preventative measures against threats from naturally occurring diseases and pests, later expanded to [[introduced species]]. Australia and New Zealand, among other countries, had incorporated this definition within their legislation by 2010.<ref name="koblentz2010">{{cite journal |last=Koblentz|first= Gregory D. |title=Biosecurity Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses |journal=International Security |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=96–132 |year=2010 |doi=10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.96|s2cid= 57560210 }} [https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.96 Full text]</ref> New Zealand was the earliest adopter of a comprehensive approach with its [[Biosecurity Act 1993]]. In 2001, the US [[National Association of State Departments of Agriculture]] (NASDA) defined biosecurity as "the sum of risk management practices in defense against biological threats", and its main goal as "protect[ing] against the risk posed by disease and organisms".<ref name="bioscience">{{cite journal|journal=BioScience|volume=52|issue=7|date=July 2002|title=Biosecurity: Moving toward a Comprehensive Approach: A comprehensive approach to biosecurity is necessary to minimize the risk of harm caused by non-native organisms to agriculture, the economy, the environment, and human health|pages= 593–600|doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0593:BMTACA]2.0.CO;2|first1=Laura A.|last1=Meyerson|first2=Jamie K. |last2=Reaser|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2010, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) provided an information note describing biosecurity as a strategic and integrated approach to analysing and managing relevant risks to human, animal and plant life and health and associated risks for the environment.<ref>{{cite web | title=Biosecurity: An integrated approach to manage risk to human, animal and plant life and health | website=WHO.int | date=3 March 2010 | url=https://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/No_01_Biosecurity_Mar10_en.pdf | access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> In another document, it describes the aim of biosecurity being "to enhance the ability to protect [[human health]], agricultural production systems, and the people and industries that depend on them", with the overarching goal being "to prevent, control and/or manage risks to life and health as appropriate to the particular biosecurity sector".<ref name="infosan">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/No_01_Biosecurity_Mar10_en.pdf|title=Biosecurity: An integrated approach to manage risk to human, animal and plant life and health |publisher=World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|author=International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN)|date=3 March 2010|series=INFOSAN Information Note No. 1/2010 - Biosecurity|access-date=23 May 2020 }}</ref>

Measures taken to counter biosecurity risks typically include compulsory terms of [[quarantine]], and are put in place to minimise the risk of [[Invasive species in Australia|invasive pests]] or [[disease]]s arriving at a specific location that could damage crops and [[livestock]] as well as the wider environment.<ref name="fitt2013">{{cite web | last=Fitt | first=Gary | title=Explainer: why Australia needs biosecurity | website=The Conversation | date=15 November 2013 | url=http://theconversation.com/explainer-why-australia-needs-biosecurity-20105 | access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>

In general, the term is today taken to include managing [[Biological pest control|biological threats]] to people, industries or environment. These may be from foreign or [[endemic]] organisms, but they can also extend to [[pandemic]] diseases and the threat of [[bioterrorism]], both of which pose threats to [[public health]].<ref name="fitt2013" />

===Laboratory biosafety and intentional harm===
{{main|Bioterrorism|Laboratory biosafety|Biological weapons}}

The definition has sometimes been broadened to embrace other concepts, and it is used for different purposes in different contexts. It can be defined as the "successful minimising of the risks that the biological sciences will be deliberately or accidentally misused in a way which causes harm for humans, animals, plants or the environment, including through awareness and understanding of the risks".<ref name="handbook">{{cite book|url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/bioethics/Handbook_complete-draft.pdf|title= Biological Security Education Handbook: The Power of Team-Based Learning|first=Tatyana| last=Novossiolova |isbn=978-1-85143-278-3|date=January 2016|publisher=Bradford Disarmament Research Centre|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

From the late 1990s, in response to the threat of [[biological terrorism]], the term started to include the prevention of the theft of biological materials from [[research laboratories]], called "laboratory biosecurity" by WHO.<ref name="koblentz2010" /> The term [[laboratory biosafety]] refers to the measures taken "to reduce the risk of accidental release of or exposure to infectious disease agents", whereas laboratory biosecurity is usually taken to mean "a set of systems and practices employed in legitimate bioscience facilities to reduce the risk that dangerous biological agents will be stolen and used maliciously".<ref name="labbio" /> Joseph Kanabrocki (2017) source elaborates: "Biosafety focuses on protection of the researcher, their contacts and the environment via accidental release of a pathogen from containment, whether by direct release into the environment or by a laboratory-acquired infection. Conversely, biosecurity focuses on controlling access to pathogens of consequence and on the reliability of the scientists granted this access (thereby reducing the threat of an intentional release of a pathogen) and/or access to sensitive information related to a pathogen's virulence, host-range, transmissibility, resistance to medical countermeasures, and environmental stability, among other things".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/pgasite/documents/webpage/pga_176433.pdf|title=Biosafety and Biosecurity in the Realm of Dual-Use Research of Concern|first=Joseph|last= Kanabrocki|date=20 January 2017|page=2|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Dual Use Research of Concern in the Life Sciences: Current Issues and Controversies|chapter=3. Managing Dual Use Research of Concern | via=NCBI Bookshelf|publisher=National Academies Press |place=Washington DC|author=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine| date=14 September 2017|isbn =978-0-309-45888-7 | doi= 10.17226/24761 | pmid=29001489| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK458500/ | access-date=23 May 2020}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK458491/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK458491.pdf PDF]</ref>

In the US, the National Science Advisory Board on Biosecurity was created in 2004 to provide biosecurity oversight of "[[Dual-use technology|dual-use research]]", defined as "biological research with legitimate scientific purpose that may be misused to pose a biological threat to [[public health]] and/or [[national security]]". In 2006, the [[National Academy of Sciences]] defined biosecurity as "security against the inadvertent, inappropriate, or intentional malicious or malevolent use of potentially dangerous biological agents or [[biotechnology]], including the development, production, stockpiling, or use of biological weapons as well as outbreaks of newly emergent and epidemic disease".<ref name="koblentz2010" />

A number of nations have developed [[biological agent|biological weapons]] for military use, and many civilian research projects in medicine have the potential to be used in military applications (dual-use research), so biosecurity [[protocol (science)|protocol]]s are used to prevent dangerous biological materials from falling into the hands of malevolent parties.<ref name="koblentz2010" />

===Laboratory program===
Components of a laboratory biosecurity program include:<ref name="labbio" />
* [[Physical security]]
* Personnel security
* Material control and [[accountability]]
* Transport security
* [[Information security]]
* Program management
* Biological Security