Editing Bituriges Cubi (section)

== Name ==
They are mentioned as ''Bituriges'' by [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] (mid-1st c. BC),<ref>[[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]. ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'', 7:5:5.</ref> ''Bitoúriges oi̔ Kou͂boi'' (Βιτούριγες οἱ Κοῦβοι) and ''Koúbois Bitoúrixi'' (Κούβοις Βιτούριξι) by [[Strabo]] (early 1st c. AD),<ref>[[Strabo]]. ''Geōgraphiká'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/strabo-geography/1917/pb_LCL050.217.xml 4:2:2].</ref> ''Bituriges ... qui Cubi appellantur'' by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] (1st c. AD),<ref>[[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]. ''Naturalis Historia,'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.203.xml 4:109].</ref> and as ''Bitoúriges oi̔ Kou͂boi'' (Βιτούριγες οἱ Κοῦβοι) by [[Ptolemy]] (2nd c. AD).<ref>[[Ptolemy]]. ''Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis,'' 2:7:10.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Falileyev|2010}}, s.v. ''Bituriges Cubi''.</ref>

The [[Gaulish]] [[ethnonym]] ''Biturīges'' means 'kings of the world', or possibly 'perpetual kings'. It derives from the stem ''bitu-'' ('world', perhaps also 'perpetual'; cf. [[Old Irish|OIr.]] ''bith'' 'world, life, age', ''bith''- 'eternally', [[Old Welsh]] ''bid'', [[Old Breton|OBret.]] ''bit'' 'world') attached to ''riges'' ('kings'; <small>sing.</small> ''rix''). Whether the meaning 'perpetual' was already associated with ''bitu''- in ancient Celtic languages or appeared later in Old Irish remains uncertain. In any case, the meaning 'world' probably emerged from the notion of 'living world, place of the livings', since the [[Proto-Celtic]] stem *''bitu-'' derives from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''gʷiH-tu''-, meaning 'life' (cf. Lat. ''vīta'' 'life', [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] ''žiti'' 'to live').{{Sfn|Lambert|1994|p=36}}{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=76}}{{sfn|Matasović|2009|p=67}}

The city of [[Bourges]], attested ca. 400 AD as ''civitas Biturigum'' ('[[civitas]] of the Bituriges', ''Bituricas'' in 844, ''Bituris'' in 1182), and the region of [[Berry, France|Berry]], attested in 860 as ''pagus Biturigus'' ('[[pagus]] of the Bituriges'), are named after the Gallic tribe.{{Sfn|Nègre|1990|p=152}}