Editing Black redstart (section)

==Taxonomy and systematics==
The first [[Species description|formal description]] of the black redstart was by the German naturalist [[Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin]] in 1774 under the [[binomial name]] ''Mottacilla ochruros''.<!--note spelling of Mottacilla with double t - Mayr has a single t - but admits he hasn't seen ref--><ref name=Gmelin/><ref name=Mayr/> The species is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Phoenicurus]]'' that was introduced in 1817 by the English naturalist [[Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster|Thomas Forster]].<ref name=Forster/> Both parts of the scientific name are from [[Ancient Greek]] and refer to the colour of the tail. The genus name ''Phoenicurus'' is from ''phoinix'', "red", and ''-ouros'' -"tailed", and the specific ''ochruros'' is from ''okhros'', "pale yellow" and ''-ouros''.<ref name=Jobling2010/>

The black redstart is a member of a temperate Eurasian [[clade]], which also includes the [[Daurian redstart]], [[Hodgson's redstart]], the [[white-winged redstart]] and perhaps [[Przevalski's redstart]]. The ancestors of the present species diverged from about 3 [[mya (unit)|million years ago (mya)]] ([[Late Pliocene]]) onwards and spread throughout much of [[Palearctic]] from 1.5 mya onward.<ref name=Ertan/> It is not very closely related to the [[common redstart]]. As these are separated by different [[behaviour]] and [[ecology|ecological]] requirements and have not evolved [[fertilisation barriers]], the two European species can produce apparently fertile and viable [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]].<ref name=Steijn/><ref name=Grosch/><ref>Martinez N., Nicolai B., van der Spek V. (2019) Redstart hybrids in Europe and North Africa. ''[[British Birds (magazine)|British Birds]]''112:190-210. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332211724_Redstart_hybrids_in_Europe_and_North_Africa/link/5feaf35645851553a001e6ba/download</ref>

There are a number of [[subspecies]], which differ mainly in the underpart colours of the adult males and, for some forms, calls;<ref>Martinez N., van der Spek V. (2022) Geographical variation in Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros (S. G. Gmelin, 1774) calls. [[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club]] 142: 466-477. https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-british-ornithologists-club/volume-142/issue-4/bboc.v142i4.2022.a5/Geographical-variation-in-Black-Redstart-Phoenicurus-ochruros-S-G-Gmelin/10.25226/bboc.v142i4.2022.a5.full.</ref> different authorities accept between five and seven subspecies. They can be separated into three major groups, according to [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[biogeography]] and [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data.<ref name=Ertan/><ref name=Grosch/><ref name=Hoyo/><ref name=Snow/>

'''''P. o. phoenicuroides'' group'''. [[Basal (phylogenetics)|Basal]] central and eastern Asian forms which diverged from the ancestral stock as the species slowly spread west ({{circa}} 3–1.5 mya). Females and juveniles light grey brown.
* ''Phoenicurus ochruros phoenicuroides'' ([[Frederic Moore|Moore, F]], 1854) – [[Tian Shan]] eastwards to [[Mongolia]]. Small; adult males have lower breast, belly and flanks deep rufous, pale wing-patch absent, sometimes white forehead. Overall quite similar to a much darker common redstart with black chest. Females and juveniles are similar to common redstart but have an overall sandier, paler colour and often a distinct buff eye-ring.
* ''Phoenicurus ochruros murinus'' Fedorenko, 2018 – [[Altai Republic|Altai]], [[Tuva]], northern [[China]] and western [[Mongolia]]. Distinguished from the previous Turkestan subspecies by the absence of any contrast in the colour of the head, nape and back, all of which are concolorous dark grey.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fedorenko |first1=V.A. |title=A new subspecies of the black redstart – ''Phoenicurus ochruros murinus'' subsp. nov. from the Altai-Sayan Mountainous Country and the current breeding range of the black redstart |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS |date=2018 |volume=322 |issue=2 |pages=108–128 |doi=10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.2.108 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''Phoenicurus ochruros rufiventris'' ([[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1818) – [[Turkmenistan]] eastwards through [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] and [[Alay Mountains]] to [[Himalaya]]. Usually large; adult males like ''P. o. phoenicuroides'', but darker overall, with black back and rufous-chestnut underside. Females with rufous tinge to underside. Exact limits with ''P. o. phoenicuroides'' unresolved.
** ''Phoenicurus ochruros xerophilus''. [[China]] east of and between ranges of preceding two. Large; colour pattern like ''P. o. phoenicuroides'' but paler. Included in ''P. o. rufiventris'' by many authorities.<ref name=Hoyo/>

'''''P. o. ochruros'' group'''. Western Asian forms, whose lineage separated from the ''gibraltariensis'' group c. 1.5–0.5 mya. Females and juveniles intermediate.
* ''Phoenicurus ochruros ochruros'' ([[Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin|Gmelin, SG]], 1774) – Eastern [[Turkey]], [[Alborz]], and [[Caucasus]]. Small, somewhat intermediate between ''P. o. phoenicuroides'' and ''P. o. gibraltariensis''. Generally like latter, but rufous underside, pale wing patch weakly developed.
* ''Phoenicurus ochruros semirufus'' (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833) – [[Levant]]. Small; adult males somewhat similar to ''rufiventris'' except in size. Black areas extensive.

'''''P. o. gibraltariensis'' group'''. European population, which formed as a distinct subspecies probably during the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]]. Females and juveniles dark grey.
* ''Phoenicurus ochruros gibraltariensis'' ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1789) – Western Europe east to the [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]] and western Turkey. Neck, upper back and shoulders dark slate grey to black in adult males, lighter than face and neck, pale wing patch strongly developed.
** ''Phoenicurus ochruros aterrimus''. [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] and Morocco. Neck, upper back and shoulders black in adult males. Wide intergradation with ''P. o. gibraltariensis'' and treated as a synonym of it by many authorities.<ref name=Hoyo/>