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Bloom's taxonomy
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==History== The publication of ''Taxonomy of Educational Objectives'' followed a series of conferences from 1949 to 1953, which were designed to improve communication between educators on the design of curricula and examinations.{{sfn|Bloom et al.|1956|p=4|ps=: "The idea for this classification system was formed at an informal meeting of college examiners attending the 1948 American Psychological Association Convention in Boston. At this meeting, interest was expressed in a theoretical framework which could be used to facilitate communication among examiners.}} The models were named after [[Benjamin Bloom]], who chaired the committee of educators that devised the taxonomy. He also edited the first volume of the standard text, ''Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals''.<ref name="bloom1956">{{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=B. S. |author1-link=Benjamin Bloom |title=Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals |last2=Engelhart |first2=M. D. |last3=Furst |first3=E. J. |last4=Hill |first4=W. H. |last5=Krathwohl |first5=D. R. |author-link5=David Krathwohl |publisher=David McKay Company |year=1956 |volume=Handbook I: Cognitive domain |place=New York |ref={{sfnRef|Bloom et al.|1956}}}}</ref><ref name="shane1981">{{cite journal |last=Shane |first=Harold G. |year=1981 |title=Significant writings that have influenced the curriculum: 1906β1981 |journal=Phi Delta Kappan |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=311β314}}</ref> The first volume of the taxonomy, ''Handbook I: Cognitive''<ref name="bloom1956" /> was published in 1956, and in 1964 the second volume ''Handbook II: Affective'' was published.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Elizabeth J. |title=The classification of educational objectives: Psychomotor domain |year=1966 |journal=Illinois Journal of Home Economics |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=110β144 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harrow |first=Anita J. |year=1972 |title=A taxonomy of the psychomotor domain: A guide for developing behavioral objectives |place=New York |publisher=David McKay Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dave |first=R. H. |editor-last=Armstrong |editor-first=R. J. |year=1975 |title=Developing and writing behavioral objectives |place=Tucson |publisher=Educational Innovators Press }}</ref><ref name="clark1999">{{cite web |url=http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html |title=Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains |last=Clark |first=Donald R. |year=1999 |access-date=28 Jan 2014 }}</ref><ref name="krathwohl2002">{{cite journal |last=Krathwohl |first=David R. |author-link=David Krathwohl |year=2002 |title=A revision of Bloom's taxonomy: An overview |journal=Theory into Practice |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=212β218 |publisher=Routledge |issn=0040-5841 |doi=10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2 |s2cid=13116159 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/rumeli/issue/62156/885379 }}</ref> A revised version of the taxonomy for the cognitive domain was created in 2001.<ref name="anderaetal2001">{{cite book |editor-last1=Anderson |editor-first1=Lorin W. |editor-last2=Krathwohl |editor-first2=David R. |editor-link2=David Krathwohl|year=2001 |title=A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives |publisher=New York: Longman. |isbn=978-0-8013-1903-7 |ref={{sfnRef|Anderson et al.|2001}}}}</ref>
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