Editing Bo Yang (section)

== Biography ==
Boyang was born as '''Guō Dìngshēng''' ({{lang|zh|郭定生}}) in [[Kaifeng]], [[Henan]] Province, China, with family origins in [[Huixian]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://udn.com/NEWS/NATIONAL/NATS1/4320316.shtml |script-title=zh:作家柏楊病逝 |trans-title=Writer Bo Yang dies  |work=[[United Daily News]]  |date=April 29, 2008  |lang=zh}}</ref>  Boyang's father changed his son's name to '''Guō Lìbāng''' ({{lang|zh|郭立邦}}) to facilitate a transfer to another school. Bo Yang later changed his name to '''Guo Yìdòng''', also spelled '''Kuo I-tung''' ({{lang|zh|郭衣洞}}).  In high school, Boyang participated in youth organisations of the [[Kuomintang]], the then-ruling party of the [[Republic of China]], and joined the Kuomintang itself in 1938. He graduated from the [[Northeastern University (China)|National Northeastern University]], and moved to Taiwan after the Kuomintang lost the civil war in 1949.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-Focus/2007Cti-Focus-Content/0,4518,9704290231+0+0+140626+0,00.html  |script-title=zh:柏楊凌晨病逝 享壽八十九歲 |trans-title=Bo Yang passed away in the early morning at the age of 89  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502223509/http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-Focus/2007Cti-Focus-Content/0%2C4518%2C9704290231%2B0%2B0%2B140626%2B0%2C00.html |archive-date=May 2, 2008 |work=[[China Times]] |date=29 April 2008 |access-date=30 April 2008 |lang=zh}}</ref>

In 1950, he was imprisoned for six months for listening to [[Communist Party of China|Communist Chinese]] radio broadcasts. He had various jobs during his life, including that of a teacher. During this time, he began to write novels. In 1960, he began using the pen name Boyang when he started to write a political commentary column in the ''Independent Evening News''. The name was derived from a place name in the mountains of Taiwan; he adopted it because he liked the sound of it.  In 1961, he achieved acclaim with his novel ''The Alien Realm'' ({{lang|zh|異域}} ''Yìyù''), which told the story of a Kuomintang force which fought on in the borderlands of southwestern China long after the government had retreated to [[Taiwan]]. He became director of the Pingyuan Publishing House in 1966, and also edited the cartoon page of ''China Daily'' ({{lang|zh|中華日報}}).<ref name="Wang 62" />

Boyang was arrested again in 1967 because of his sarcastic "unwitting" criticism of Taiwan's dictator [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and in particular a translation of a comic strip of Popeye.<ref>{{cite web |first=June Teufel  |last=Dreyer |url=http://formosafoundation.org/pdf/Taiwan's%20Identity%20(J_Dreyer).pdf |title=Taiwan's Evolving Identity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326032712/http://formosafoundation.org/pdf/Taiwan's%20Identity%20(J_Dreyer).pdf |archive-date=2009-03-26  |date=17 July 2003}}</ref>  In the strip, [[Popeye]] and [[Swee'Pea]] have just landed on an uninhabited island. Popeye says: "You can be crown prince," to which Swee'Pea responds, "I want to be president." In the next panel, Popeye says, "Why, you little..." In the final panel, Popeye's words are too faint to be made out. Chiang was displeased because he saw this as a parody of his arrival (with a defeated army) in Taiwan, his brutal usurpation of the presidency (a KMT competitor favored as head of government by the Truman administration was executed) and his strategy of slowly installing his son [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] as heir apparent. Boyang translated the word "fellows" as "my fellow soldiers and countrymen," a phrase used by Chiang Kai-shek.<ref>{{cite web |first=Daisy |last=Hsieh |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/rights/politics_07.htm |title=Tragedy and Tolerance--The Green Island Human Rights Monument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510190239/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/rights/politics_07.htm |archive-date=May 10, 2007  |work=Sinorama |date=July 1997 |access-date=30 April 2008}}</ref> Having detained Bo Yang, the KMT's "military interrogators told him that he could be beaten to death at any time the authorities desired" when the writer refused to swallow their trumped-up charges.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Philip F. |last1=Williams |first2=Yenna |last2=Wu |title=The Great Wall of Confinement: The Chinese Prison Camp through Contemporary Fiction and Reportage |location=Berkeley CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=2004 |page=135 |isbn=0-520-22779-4}}</ref> "Several interrogators" including Liu Chan-hua and Kao Yi-rue "played cat and mouse with him, alternating promise of immediate release with threats" and torture.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Dongwu Zhengzhi Shehui Xue Bao  |script-work=zh:東吳 政治, 社會 學報 |trans-work=Soochow Journal of Political Science |publisher=Soochow University |location=Taipei |issue=23 |year=2006 |page=16 |issn=0259-3785 <!--no title given, this is a placeholder until title can be found-->|title=&#91;title unknown&#93;}}</ref> In order to make him confess, they broke his leg.<ref>{{cite news |quote=Taiwanese interrogators broke his leg to elicit a confession... |first=Nicholas D. |last=Kristof |title=One Author is Rankling Two Chinas |work=The New York Times |date=October 7, 1987 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/07/world/one-author-is-rankling-two-chinas.html}}</ref> Western allies of the regime were not unaware of this.{{NoteTag|[[Chiang Wei-kuo]] {{lang|zh|蔣緯國}}, a son of the dictator in charge of the ''Military Garrison Command'', had been attending an equivalent of West Point in Germany during the ''Third Reich'' period and the BND, a West German secret service, commanded by a high-ranking former Nazi secret service man, Mr. Gehlen, always had close relations with its counterpart in Taiwan, according to a press notice by the West German newspaper ''Frankfurter Rundschau.'' The same was obviously true of the American counterpart. In the late 1940s, the US vice consul in Taipei, [[George H. Kerr]], who later expressed regrets, was also fully aware of the massacres carried out by the KMT regime, estimating that about 10,000 of the demonstrators protesting against corruption, harassment and unrestrained violence of the police  on Feb. 28, 1947 were killed on that day and in the next few days, and another 10,000 in the immediate aftermath of the crackdown.<ref>{{cite book |first1=George |last1=Kerr |title=Formosa Betrayed |title-link=Formosa Betrayed (1965 book) |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1965}}.</ref>}} Shelley Rigger says that "Peng Ming-min, Bo Yang and Lei Chen" were "high-profile White Terror cases" in the 1960s but in fact, many "{{Not a typo|(t)housands}} of Taiwanese and Mainlanders were swept up by the White Terror, suffering imprisonment, torture, (…) execution."{{NoteTag|Prof. [[Peng Ming-min]], whose father had been executed by the regime in the context of the [[February 28 Incident]], became a victim in 1964 because he and his colleagues at Taida wrote a manifesto calling for reforms.<ref>{{citation |first=Shelley |last=Rigger |author1-link=Shelley Rigger |title=Why Taiwan Matters: Small Island, Global Powerhouse |location=Lanham MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |date=2014 |page=65 |isbn=978-1-4422-0480-5}}</ref>}} The prosecutor initially sought the death sentence but due to US pressure this was reduced to twelve years in the Green Island concentration camp. From 1969 Bo Yang was incarcerated as a [[political prisoner]] (for "being a Communist agent and attacking national leaders") on [[Green Island, Taiwan|Green Island]] for nine years.  The original 12-year sentence was commuted to eight years after the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975. However, the government refused to release Bo Yang after his sentence expired, and released him only in 1977, giving in to pressure from international organizations such as [[Amnesty International]]. After his release, Bo Yang continued to campaign for human rights and democracy in Taiwan. Towards the end of his life Bo Yang stated in his memoirs that he did not have the slightest intention to insult Chiang Kai-shek with his ''Popeye'' translation. This was due to the fact that in his view objective criticism mattered whereas personal insults were irrelevant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhou |first1=Bise |last2=Bo |first2=Yang |title=Bo Yang hui yi lu |script-title=zh:柏楊回憶錄 |trans-title=Bo Yang, Memoirs |location=Taipei |publisher=Yuanliu chuban |year=1996}}</ref>

=== Works ===
Lin Zi-yao notes  that during his life "Bo Yang covered  a wide range of subjects from culture, literature, politics and education to love, marriage, family planning, fashion and women."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lin |first1=Zi-yao |chapter=Preface |title=One Author Is Rankling Two Chinas |location=Taipei |publisher=Sinkuang Book Co. |year=1989 |page=16 |oclc= 36853411}}</ref>  Much of this is not fiction, although he also published a significant body of short stories, novels, and poetry. Howard Goldblatt says  that "it is significant" that an anthology of his short stories  entitled ''Secrets'' in English was "published in Chinese under the author's true name Kuo I-tung, for 'Bo Yang'  is not essentially a writer of fiction." Goldblatt adds, "Yet like 'Bo Yang' [the writer of essays], Kuo I-tung [the novelist and short story writer] is a social critic; his fiction is written with an eye to the recording of events and to the social inequities that gave rise to them."<ref>{{cite book |first=Howard |last=Goldblatt |chapter=Foreword |title=Bo Yang, Poems of A Period |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Joint Publishing |year=1986 |page=XI}}</ref>

Aside from his [[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|Golden Triangle]] novel '''''Yiyu''''', ({{lang|zh|異域}}, 1961), Boyang is best known for his non-fiction works on Chinese history (collated and translated into modern colloquial Chinese from historical records in the prison library on Green Island) and ''[[The Ugly Chinaman]]'' ({{lang|zh|醜陋的中國人}} ''Chǒulòu de Zhōngguórén'', 1985; English translation, with the subtitle ''... and the Crisis of Chinese Culture'',  1992). In the introduction to excerpts from ''The Ugly Chinaman'', the editors of an anthology entitled ''Sources of Chinese Tradition from 1600  through the Twentieth Century'' state that "(t)he sharply negative tone of the (…) essay reflects a sense of (…) despair (…) as well as a feeling that age-old  weaknesses have persisted through revolutionary change."<ref>{{cite book |title=Sources of Chinese Tradition from 1600 through the Twentieth Century |volume=2 |editor-first1=Wm. Theodore |editor-last1=Barry |editor-first2=Richard |editor-last2=Lufrano |editor-first3=Wing-tsit |editor-last3=Chan |location=New York, NY |publisher=Columbia University Press |edition=2nd |year=2000 |page=565 |isbn=0-231-11270-X}}</ref> Also referring to ''The Ugly Chinaman'', Rana Mitter says that Bo Yang's position as a critical observer and analyst of the world is similar to [[Lu Xun]]'s. Both were skeptical, yet committed writers and less naive than younger 'romanticists'. {{blockquote|Lu Xun regarded his mission as being to try and wake up  a few of the sleepers in an 'iron house' in which they were burning to death, and from which there was still no guarantee to escape. The message mixed bleakness with hope, with perhaps more emphasis on bleakness. In contrast, the impatience  of the romanticists was for a better world which they felt they could almost touch; they just had to motivate the nation and the people to reach it. A similar division can be seen in the treatment of modern China in (…) more contemporary works. Bo Yang's account of the Chinese people is dark and suggests that a long, painful process will be necessary before China will be saved. (…) Bo Yang (like Lu Xun) made his criticism while declining to join a political party. Again, like Lu Xun, Bo Yang was of an older generation when his essay &#91;The Ugly Chinaman&#93; was finally published (65 years old)...<ref>{{harvp|Mitter|2005|p=270}}</ref>}}  Edward M. Gunn agrees, saying that "(t)he fact that Bo Yang is a prolific author of satirical essays (zawen) inevitably recalls the work of Lu Xun."<ref>{{cite book |first=Edward M. |last=Gunn |title=Rewriting Chinese: Style and Innovation in Twentieth-Century Chinese Prose |location=Stanford CA |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1991 |page=156}}</ref> Gunn also emphasizes Bo Yang's "particular interest in history" and the "acerbic wit in defense of democracy and social welfare" (or social rights of the common people).<ref>{{harvp|Gunn|1991}}: "Bo Yang had indeed enjoyed playful irony in his use of wenyan wen and wordplay, as well as sport with complex syntax, all of which are key features of [[Lu Xun]]'s writing." </ref>{{NoteTag|Considering the fact that [[Lu Xun]]'s writing were described as subversive and remained inaccessible to almost every citizen in Taiwan due to the ban on printing or possessing them, it is obvious that Bo Yang's ''[[Lu Xun]]'esque'' wit had to cause trouble for him under dictators like [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his son, [[Chiang Ching-kuo]].}}
Bo Yang gained attention internationally when  a volume of poetry entitled ''Poems of a Period'' was published in Hong Kong in 1986. These poems recall his arrest and imprisonment.

===Later years===
Bo Yang lived in [[Taipei]] in his later years. He became the founding president of the Taiwan chapter of [[Amnesty International]]. In 1994, Boyang underwent heart surgery, and his health never fully recovered. He carried the honorary title of national policy advisor to the administration of President [[Chen Shui-bian]]. In 2006, Boyang retired from writing, and donated the bulk of his manuscripts to the Chinese Modern Literature Museum in [[Beijing]]. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the [[National University of Tainan|National Tainan University]], to which he also donated many memorabilia and some manuscripts.

Boyang died of [[pneumonia]] in a hospital near his [[Xindian District|Xindian]] residence on 29 April 2008.<ref name="BBC"/>  He was married five times, and is survived by his last wife, Chang Hsiang-hua, and five children born by his former wives. On 17 May 2008, his ashes were scattered along the seashore of Green Island, where he was once imprisoned.