Editing Boletus edulis (section)

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Bulliard00.jpg|thumb|right|Pierre Bulliard first described ''B.&nbsp;edulis'' in 1782.|alt=Side view of the head and upper body of a man wearing a dark jacket and white ruffled collar.]]
''Boletus edulis'' was first [[species description|described]] in 1782 by the French botanist [[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Pierre Bulliard]] and still bears its original name.<ref>{{cite book |title=Herbier de la France. Vol 2|author=Bulliard JBF.|year=1782|publisher=P.F. Didot|location=Paris, France|pages=49–96, plate 60|url=https://archive.org/stream/herbierdelafranc4996bull#page/22/mode/2up|access-date=2009-11-24|language=fr}}</ref> The starting date of fungal [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] had been set as January&nbsp;1, 1821, to coincide with the date of the works of the 'father of mycology', Swedish naturalist [[Elias Magnus Fries]], which meant the name required sanction by Fries (indicated in the name by a colon) to be considered valid, as Bulliard's work preceded this date. It was thus written ''Boletus edulis'' Bull.:Fr. A 1987 revision of the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] set the starting date at May&nbsp;1, 1753, the date of publication of [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]' work, the ''[[Species Plantarum]]''.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Esser K, Lemke PA |title= The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research |url=https://archive.org/details/mossflorabritain00libg |url-access=limited |publisher = Springer|location=Heidelberg, Germany |year=1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/mossflorabritain00libg/page/n93 81]|isbn = 3-540-66493-9}}</ref> Hence, the name no longer requires the ratification of Fries' authority. Early [[synonym (taxonomy)|alternate names]] include ''Boletus solidus'' by English naturalist [[James Sowerby]] in 1809,<ref>{{cite book |title=Coloured Figures of English Fungi |volume=4 |author=Sowerby J.|year=1809|publisher=J. Davis |location=London |page=199}} This entire work is [[commons:Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms|available in Commons here]], but the reference is to plate 419 with textual description on page 697. Sowerby described the same modern species as ''B. edulis'' on plate 111 (description on page 57).</ref> and [[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray's]] ''Leccinum edule''.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Natural Arrangement of British Plants |author=Gray SF. |year=1821 |publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, Paternoster-Row |location=London |page=647 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-EYAAAAYAAJ&q=A%20natural%20arrangement%20of%20British%20plants%20Gray%201821&pg=PA647|access-date=2009-11-24}}</ref> Gray's transfer of the species to ''Leccinum'' was later determined to be inconsistent with the rules of botanical [[biological classification|nomenclature]], and he apparently was unfamiliar with the earlier works of Fries when he published his arrangement of bolete species.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Šutara J. |year=1985 |title=''Leccinum'' and the question of superfluous names (Fungi: Boletaceae) |journal=Taxon |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=678–86|doi= 10.2307/1222214|jstor= 1222214}}</ref>

''Boletus edulis'' is the [[type species]] of the genus ''[[Boletus]]''. In [[Rolf Singer]]'s [[biological classification|classification]] of the [[Agaricales]] mushrooms, it is also the type species of [[Section (botany)#Ranks in botany|section]] ''Boletus'', a grouping of about 30 related boletes united by several characteristics: a mild-tasting, white [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] that does not change colour when exposed to air; a smooth to distinctly raised, netted pattern over at least the uppermost portion of the stem; a yellow-brown or olive-brown [[spore print]]; white tubes that later become yellowish then greenish, which initially appear to be stuffed with cotton; and [[cystidia]] that are not strongly coloured.<ref name=Singer1986>{{cite book |author=Singer R. |title=The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy |edition= 4th rev.|publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books|location=Koenigstein, Germany |year=1986|page=779|isbn=3-87429-254-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Smith AH, Thiers HD |year=1971 |title=The Boletes of Michigan |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|page=221|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=fung1tc;cc=fung1tc;idno=agk0838.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=229;page=root;size=s|access-date=2010-12-02}}</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular]] analysis published in 1997 established that the bolete mushrooms are all [[monophyly|derived from a common ancestor]], and established the [[Boletales]] as an [[order (biology)|order]] separate from the Agaricales.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Binder M, Besl H, Bresinsky A |year=1997 |title=Agaricales oder Boletales? Molekularbiologische Befunde zur Zuordnung einiger umstrittener Taxa |journal=Zeitschrift für Mykologie |volume=63 |pages=189–196 }}</ref>

The [[genus|generic]] name is derived from the [[Latin]] term ''bōlētus'' "mushroom", which was borrowed in turn from the [[Ancient Greek]] βωλίτης, "terrestrial fungus".<ref>{{cite book |author= Simpson DP. |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher = Cassell Ltd |year = 1979 |orig-date=1854 |edition = 5 |location = London |page=78 |isbn = 0-304-52257-0}}</ref> Ultimately, this last word derives from ''bōlos''/βῶλος "lump", "clod", and, metaphorically, "mushroom".<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book |author = [[Henry Liddell|Liddell HG]], [[Robert Scott (philologist)|Scott R.]] |year= 1980 |title = A Greek–English Lexicon|edition= Abridged |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location= United Kingdom |isbn = 0-19-910207-4|title-link= A Greek–English Lexicon }}</ref> The βωλίτης of [[Galen]], like the ''boletus'' of Latin writers like [[Martial]], [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] and [[Petronius]],<ref>Peter Howell, ''A Commentary on Book One of the Epigrams of Martial,'' The Athlone Press, 1980 p.152-3. Howell doubts the identification, and mentions the view advanced by Augusta A. Imholtz Jr., 'Fungi and piace- names, thè origin of boletus,' in [[American Journal of Philology|AJP]] Vol.98, 1977 pp.71f., that the Latin word may derive from the Spanish town Boletum, modern-day [[Boltaña]], south of the [[Pyrenees]], which is still famous for its mushrooms.</ref> is often identified as the much prized ''[[Amanita caesarea]]''.<ref name = "Ramsbottom53">{{cite book |author=Ramsbottom J. |orig-year=1953 |year=1989|title=Mushrooms & Toadstools |page=6 |publisher=Collins |location=London, England|isbn= 1-870630-09-2}}</ref> The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] ''edulis'' in Latin means "eatable" or "edible".<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Jamieson A, Ainsworth R, Morell T | title = Latin Dictionary: Morell's Abridgment | publisher = Moon, Boys & Graves| year = 1828|location = London|pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U3oTAAAAYAAJ/page/n550 121], 596| url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U3oTAAAAYAAJ|access-date=2009-11-02}}</ref>

===Common names===
[[Common name]]s for ''B. edulis'' vary by region. The standard Italian name, ''porcino'' (pl. ''porcini''), means ''[[wikt:porcine|porcine]];''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/porcino|title=porcino in Vocabolario – Treccani|website=www.treccani.it}}</ref> ''fungo porcino'', in Italian, echoes the term ''suilli'', literally "hog mushrooms", a term used by the Ancient Romans<ref>[[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], ''Natural History'', Bk. 16, 11, 31: "Such is the multiplicity of products in addition to the acorn that are borne by hard-oaks; but they also produce edible fungi (''boletos'') and hog mushrooms (''suillos'')." Pliny, ''Natural History'', 10 vols., tr. H. Rackham, Harvard University Press/Heinemann, (1945) 1968, vol. 4, pp. 408–409.</ref> and still in use in southern Italian terms for this species.<ref>[[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] ''sillo'', and [[Calabrian dialects|Calabrian]] ''sillu''/''siddu''. See Glauco Sanga, Gherardo Ortalli, ''Nature knowledge: ethnoscience, cognition, and utility'', Berghahn Books, 2003 p. 78.</ref> The derivation has been ascribed to the resemblance of young fruit bodies to piglets, or to the fondness pigs have for eating them.<ref name="Carluccio03">Carluccio, pp. 36–38.</ref> It is also known as "king bolete".<ref name=Zeitl76>{{cite book|author=Zeitlmayr L.|year=1976|title=Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook|publisher=Garden City Press|location= Hertfordshire, UK|isbn= 0-584-10324-7|page=96}}</ref> The English ''[[penny bun]]'' refers to its rounded brownish shape. The German name ''Steinpilz'' (stone mushroom) refers to the species' firm flesh.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Jacob Grimm|Grimm J.]], [[Wilhelm Grimm|Grimm W.]]|title=Deutsches Wörterbuch|publisher=Hirzel|location=Leipzig|date=1838–1961|title-link=Deutsches Wörterbuch}} ([http://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GS42864 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114321/http://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GS42864 |date=2011-07-19 }})</ref> In Austria, it is called ''Herrenpilz'', the "noble mushroom",<ref name = "Carluccio03"/> while in Mexico, the Spanish name is ''panza'', meaning "belly".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jarvis MC, Miller AM, Sheahan J, Ploetz K, Ploetz J, Watson RR, Ruiz MP, Villapan CA, Alvarado JG, Ramirez AL, Orr B |year=2004 |title=Edible wild mushrooms of the Cofre de Perote region, Veracruz, Mexico: An ethnomycological study of common names and uses |journal=Economic Botany |volume=58 |issue=Suppl. S |pages=S111–S115|doi=10.1663/0013-0001(2004)58[S111:EWMOTC]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=27729532 }}</ref> Another Spanish name, ''rodellon'', means "small round boulder", while the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] name ''eekhoorntjesbrood'' means "squirrel's bread".<ref name=Schalkwijk-Barendsen1991>{{cite book |author=Schalkwijk-Barendsen H. M. E. |title=Mushrooms of Western Canada |publisher=Lone Pine Publishing |location=Edmonton |year=1991 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mushroomsofweste0000scha/page/195 195] |isbn=0-919433-47-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsofweste0000scha/page/195 }}</ref> Russian names are ''belyy grib'' ([[:ru:белый гриб]]; "white mushroom" as opposed to less valuable "black mushrooms") and ''borovik'' ([[:ru:боровик]]; from ''bor''—"pine forest").
The vernacular name ''cep'' is derived from the [[Catalan language|Catalan]] ''cep'' or its French name ''cèpe'', although the latter is a generic term applying to several related species. In France, it is more fully ''cèpe de Bordeaux'', derived from the [[Gascon language|Gascon]] ''cep'' "trunk" for its fat stalk,<ref>{{cite book |author=Grigson J. |title=The Mushroom Feast |page=[https://archive.org/details/mushroomfeast00grig/page/8 8] |year=1975 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=0-14-046273-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomfeast00grig/page/8 }}</ref> ultimately from the [[Latin]] ''cippus'' "stake".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia| title=cepe|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary|editor1=J. Simpson |editor2=E. Weiner | year=1989 |edition= 2nd| location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn= 0-19-861186-2}}</ref> ''Ceppatello'', ''ceppatello buono'', ''ceppatello bianco'', ''giallo leonato'', ''ghezzo'', and ''moreccio'' are names from Italian dialects,<ref>{{cite book|author=Naccari N. L.|title=Flora veneta|publisher=L. Bonvecchiato|year=1827|volume=4–6|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Zeitlmayr L.|title=I funghi|publisher=Edizioni Studio Tesi|year=1977|page=180}}</ref> and ''ciurenys'' or ''surenys'' is another term in Catalan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Andrews|first=Colman |title=Catalan cuisine: vivid flavors from Spain's Mediterranean coast|publisher=Harvard Common Press|location=Boston, MA|year=1999|orig-date=1988|edition=2nd|page=88|isbn=1-55832-329-5}}</ref> The French-born King [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Charles XIV John]] popularised ''B.&nbsp;edulis'' in Sweden after 1818,<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Spoerke DG, Rumack BH |title=Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|year=1994|page=11|isbn=0-8493-0194-7}}</ref> and is honoured in the local vernacular name ''Karljohanssvamp'', as well as the Danish name ''Karl Johan svamp''. The monarch cultivated the fungus about his residence, [[Rosersberg Palace]].<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Stensaas M, Sonstegard J |title=Canoe Country Flora: Plants and Trees of the North Woods and Boundary Waters |publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|year=2004|page=189|isbn=1-57025-121-5}}</ref> The Finnish name is ''herkkutatti'', from ''herkku'' 'delicacy', and ''tatti'', 'bolete'.{{Cn|date=December 2024}}