Editing Bone conduction (section)

==Overview==
Bone conduction is one reason why a person's voice sounds different to them when it is recorded and played back. Because the skull conducts lower frequencies better than air, people perceive their own voices to be lower and fuller than others do, and a recording of one's own voice frequently sounds higher than one expects (see [[voice confrontation]]).<ref>{{cite web |author=Zhi Cai |author2=Alan G. Madsen |author3=Douglas G. Richards |author4=Martin L. Lenhardt |date=2002 |title=Response of Human Skull to Bone Conducted Sound in the Audiometric to Ultrasonic Range |url=https://docplayer.net/38615249-Response-of-human-skull-to-bone-conducted-sound-in-the-audiometric-ultrasonic-range.html |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Brent Zupp |date=2003–2012 |title=Why Does Your Voice Sound Different on a Recording? |url=https://www.wanderings.net/notebook/Main/WhyDoesYourVoiceSoundDifferentRecordingPlayback |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119203056/https://www.wanderings.net/notebook/Main/WhyDoesYourVoiceSoundDifferentRecordingPlayback |archive-date=2024-11-19 |access-date=3 July 2013 |work=Wanderings |publisher=Brent Zupp}}</ref>

Musicians may use bone conduction using a [[tuning fork]] while tuning stringed instruments. After the fork starts vibrating, placing it in the mouth with the stem between the back teeth ensures that one continues to hear the note via bone conduction, and both hands are free to do the tuning.<ref>{{cite book|title=Teach Yourself to Play Mandolin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jFWy2qR4U4C&q=bone+conduction|publisher=Alfred Music Publishing|access-date=3 July 2015|author=Dan Fox|date=1996|isbn=978-0-7390-0286-5}}</ref> [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] was famously rumored to be using bone conduction after losing most of his hearing, by placing one end of a rod in his mouth and resting the other end on the rim of his piano.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldendance.co.jp/English/boneconduct/01.html|title=Bone Conduction: How it Works|website=www.goldendance.co.jp|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref>

It has also been observed that some animals can perceive sound and even communicate by sending and receiving vibration through bone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/pr/01/elephants37.html|title=Elephants pick up good vibrations -- through their feet: 3/01|website=news.stanford.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128182944/https://news.stanford.edu/pr/01/elephants37.html |access-date=2023-03-23|archive-date=2022-11-28 }}</ref>

Comparison of hearing sensitivity through bone conduction and directly through the ear canal can aid audiologists in identifying pathologies of the [[middle ear]]—the area between the [[Eardrum|tympanic membrane]] (ear drum) and the cochlea (inner ear).    If hearing is markedly better through bone conduction than through the ear canal (air-bone gap),<ref>{{Cite book|title=A supplementary dictionary of audiology|last=Maltby, Maryanne Tate.|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-965146-7|edition=1st|location=[Oxford]|oclc=822262757}}</ref> problems with the ear canal (e.g. ear wax accumulation), the tympanic membrane or [[ossicles]] can be suspected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Conductive-Hearing-Loss/|title=Conductive Hearing Loss|website=American Speech-Language-Hearing Association|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29}}</ref> This method was first discovered by Italian physician [[Hieronymus Capivacci]].<ref name = "Hearing Health Matters 2012-03-26">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-26 |title=Origins of Bone Conduction Hearing |url=https://hearinghealthmatters.org/waynesworld/2012/the-origins-of-bone-conduction-hearing/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Wayne's World |language=en-US}}</ref>