Editing Bone fracture (section)

==Signs and symptoms==
Although bone tissue contains no [[nociceptors|pain receptors]], a bone fracture is painful for several reasons:<ref>[http://www.medicinenet.com/fracture/article.htm MedicineNet – Fracture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221165251/http://www.medicinenet.com/fracture/article.htm |date=2008-12-21 }} Medical Author: Benjamin C. Wedro, MD, FAAEM.</ref>
* Breaking in the continuity of the [[periosteum]], with or without similar discontinuity in [[endosteum]], as both contain multiple pain receptors.
* [[Edema]] and [[hematoma]] of nearby [[soft tissues]] caused by ruptured [[bone marrow]] evokes pressure pain.
* Involuntary [[muscle spasms]] trying to hold bone fragments in place.

Damage to adjacent structures such as nerves, muscles or blood vessels, [[spinal cord]], and nerve roots (for spine fractures), or cranial contents (for skull fractures) may cause other specific signs and symptoms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview of Fractures|author=Danielle Campagne|date=September 2022|website=mdmanuals.com|url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/fractures/overview-of-fractures#:~:text=after%20the%20injury.-,Nerve%20damage,nerve%20injuries%20never%20heal%20completely.|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012155003/https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/fractures/overview-of-fractures#:~:text=after%20the%20injury.-,Nerve%20damage,nerve%20injuries%20never%20heal%20completely.|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Complications===
[[File:Nonunion2010.JPG|thumb|An old fracture with [[Pseudarthrosis|nonunion]] of the fracture fragments]]
Some fractures may lead to serious complications including a condition known as [[compartment syndrome]]. If not treated, eventually, compartment syndrome may require [[amputation]] of the affected limb. Other complications may include non-union, where the fractured bone fails to heal, or malunion, where the fractured bone heals in a deformed manner. One form of malunion is the malrotation of a bone, which is especially common after femoral and tibial fractures.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/compartment-syndrome/ |title= Compartment Syndrome |website= The Lecturio Medical Concept Library |access-date= 2021-06-25 |archive-date= 25 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/compartment-syndrome/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
Complications of fractures may be classified into three broad groups, depending upon their time of occurrence. These are as follows –
# ''Immediate'' complications – occurs at the time of the fracture.
# ''Early'' complications – occurring in the initial few days after the fracture.
# ''Late'' complications – occurring a long time after the fracture.
<br />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Immediate !! Early !! Late
|-
| '''''Systemic'''''
* Hypovolaemic shock
|| '''''Systemic'''''
* [[Hypovolemic shock]]
* ARDS – [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]]
* [[Fat embolism]] syndrome
* [[Deep vein thrombosis]]
* Pulmonary Embolism syndrome
* Aseptic traumatic fever
* [[Sepsis]] (in open fracture )
* Crush syndrome
|| '''''Imperfect union of the fracture'''''
* Delayed union
* [[Pseudarthrosis|Non-union]]
* [[Malunion]]
* Cross union
|-
| '''''Local'''''
* Injury to major vessels
* Injury to muscles and tendons
* Injury to joints
* Injury to viscera
|| '''''Local'''''
* Infection
* Compartment syndrome
|| '''''Others'''''
* Avascular necrosis
* Shortening
* Joint stiffness
* Sudeck's dystrophy
* Osteomyelitis
* Ischaemic contracture
* Myositis ossificans
* Osteoarthritis
|}