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Bound and free morphemes
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==Occurrence in isolation== A form is a free form if it can occur in isolation as a complete utterance, e.g. ''Johnny is running'', or ''Johnny'', or ''running'' (this can occur as the answer to a question such as ''What is he doing?'').<ref>Bloomfield (1933: Β§10.1)</ref> A form that cannot occur in isolation is a bound form, e.g. ''-y'', ''is'', and ''-ing'' (in ''Johnny is running''). Non-occurrence in isolation is given as the primary criterion for boundness in most linguistics textbooks.<ref>Haspelmath (2021: Β§4)</ref>
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