Editing Bread and Roses (section)

==History==

=== Traditional background ===

The background of the motif "Bread and Roses" is the [[miracle of the roses]] in the legend of [[Elisabeth of Hungary]]. She is the saint mostly related to [[Charity (practice)|charity]] and care for the poor. The legend tells the story of Elisabeth smuggling bread to the poor, against the will of her husband. When she was caught in the act, she had to uncover her basket - but only roses were found in it. A very similar legend is associated with [[Elizabeth of Portugal]], who smuggled bread under her cloak to offer the poor.
While the legend has either bread or roses for the poor, the political claim demands both. The bread represents basic needs and the rose the dignity, appreciation, and human rights.

=== Women's suffrage ===

[[File:Getting out the vote by Helen Todd lecturing audience on grass hill.png|thumb|Helen Todd and her colleagues campaign for women's suffrage. Todd, as a factory inspector, discussed how the right to vote would gain for working women and society "bread and roses"–referring to greater income, and life's roses.]]
The first mention of the phrase and its meaning appears in ''The American Magazine'' in September 1911. In an article by Helen Todd, she describes how a group of women from the [[Chicago Woman's Club|Chicago Women's Club]], after listening to advice from Senator [[Robert M. La Follette|Robert La Follette]], decided to initiate an automobile campaign around the state of [[Illinois]] for the right of women to vote in June 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGhEAQAAMAAJ|title=The American Magazine|date=1911|publisher=Crowell-Collier Publishing Company|pages=611|language=en}}</ref> The women who made up the first automobile campaign were [[Catherine Waugh McCulloch|Catherine McCulloch]], a lawyer and [[justice of the peace]]; [[Anna Blount]], a physician and surgeon; Kate Hughes, a minister; Helen Todd, a state factory inspector; and Jennie Johnson, a singer.  Each of the speakers was assigned a subject in which they were an expert. McCulloch gave a record of the votes of the representatives and senators to their home constituents. Blount's subject was [[No taxation without representation|taxation without representation]] as concerns women. Hughes gave her speech on the history of the [[Women's suffrage|women's suffrage movement]]. Johnson opened up the speeches with a set of suffrage songs which was intended to focus and quiet the audience for the subsequent speeches. Helen Todd, as a factory inspector, represented the working women and discussed the need for laws concerning wages, work conditions, and hours.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGhEAQAAMAAJ|title=The American Magazine|date=1911|publisher=Crowell-Collier Publishing Company|pages=612|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/illinois/dixon/dixon-evening-telegraph/1910/07-05|title=Women's Vote and Child Labor|date=July 5, 1910|work=Dixon Evening Telegraph|access-date=February 26, 2019|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/iowa/dubuque/dubuque-telegraph-herald/1910/07-02/page-10|title=Hears Talk on Women Suffrage|date=July 2, 1910|work=Dubuque Telegraph Herald|access-date=February 26, 2019|page=10}}</ref>

It is in Todd's speech on the condition of the working women that the phrase is first mentioned. A young hired girl expressed to Todd, who was staying with the hired girl's family overnight during the campaign, what she had liked the most about the speeches the night before: "It was that about the women votin' so's everybody would have bread and flowers too." Todd then goes on to explain how the phrase "Bread for all, and Roses too" expresses the soul of the women's movement and explains the meaning of the phrase in her speech.

{{Blockquote|text=Not at once; but woman is the mothering element in the world and her vote will go toward helping forward the time when life's Bread, which is home, shelter and security, and the Roses of life, music, education, nature and books, shall be the heritage of every child that is born in the country, in the government of which she has a voice.|sign=|source=Helen Todd, 1910.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGhEAQAAMAAJ|title=The American Magazine|date=1911|publisher=Crowell-Collier Publishing Company|pages=619|language=en}}</ref>}}

=== Women's Trade Union League ===

[[File:Women&#039;s Trade Union League Emblem.png|thumb|The Women's Trade Union League was central in promoting the [[eight-hour day]], a [[living wage]] and improved working conditions.|upright]]
Helen Todd became involved in the fall of 1910 with the [[1910 Chicago garment workers' strike|Chicago garment workers' strike]], which was led by the [[Women's Trade Union League|Women's Trade Union League of Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Official report of the Strike committee,Chicago garment workers' strike October 29, 1910-February 18, 1911.|publisher=Women's Trade Union League of Chicago|year=1911|hdl = 2027/inu.32000014247136}}</ref> The Women's Trade Union League worked closely with the Chicago Women's Club in organizing the strike, [[picket lines]], speeches, and [[Strike fund|worker relief activities]]. Helen Todd and the president of the Women's Trade Union League [[Margaret Dreier Robins|Margaret Robins]] made a number of speeches during the strike and manned with the thousands of striking [[garment workers]] the picket lines.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19101102.2.22&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1|title=Chicago Society Women Arrested in Strikers' Riot|last=Associated Press|date=November 2, 1910|work=Los Angeles Herald|access-date=January 20, 2019}}</ref> During the strike, it was later reported that a sign was seen with the slogan "We want bread – and roses, too".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006961380;view=1up;seq=183|title=Life and labor: a monthly magazine. v.8|publisher=National Women's Trade Union League|date=September 1918|pages=189}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013719334;view=1up;seq=341|title=Life and labor bulletin. v.1-10 1922-1932|publisher=National Women's Trade Union League|date=October 1930|pages=10 v }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiCkMN7ZnW4C|title=The Playground|publisher=Executive Committee of the Playground Association of America.|year=1923|pages=435}}</ref>

In 1911 Helen Todd went out to California to help lead the suffrage movement in the state and campaign in the state's fall election for [[1911 California Proposition 4|proposition 4]], which sought women's suffrage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/middletown-daily-times-press-feb-17-1915-p-8/|title=Miss Helen Todd Coming to Tell about Votes for Women|date=February 17, 1915|work=Middletown Daily Times Press|access-date=February 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgo9AQAAIAAJ&dq=Helen+MacGregor+Todd&pg=RA5-PA19|title=The Political Rights and Duties of Women|last=Mac Gregor Todd|first=Helen|date=September 30, 1911|publisher=The California Outlook a Progressive Weekly|pages=19–20|language=en}}</ref> The women's suffrage campaign proved successful, and the right for women to vote passed in the state in November 1911.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19120629.2.140&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1|title=Ballot Uplifts Women of the West Says Worker|date=June 29, 1912|work=Los Angeles Herald|access-date=January 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwhp.org/wp-content/uploads/gazette_How-Women-Won-Vote-.pdf|title=How WomenWon the Vote|website=National Women's History Project|page=8|access-date=January 20, 2019}}</ref> During the [[California]] campaign, the suffragettes carried  banners with several slogans; one was "Bread for all, and Roses, too!"—the same phrase that Helen Todd used in her speech the previous summer.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_IuHgp0OMYC&q=%22Bread+for+all,+and+Roses,+too%22|title=Farmer's Advocate and Home Journal|date=1912|publisher=Farmer's Advocate of Winnipeg.|pages=229|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8tZAAAAYAAJ|title=Browning or the Budget|date=November 30, 1911|work=The Independent|access-date=January 21, 2019|page=1220|last1=Bacon|first1=Leonard|last2=Thompson|first2=Joseph Parrish|last3=Storrs|first3=Richard Salter|last4=Beecher|first4=Henry Ward|last5=Leavitt|first5=Joshua|last6=Bowen|first6=Henry Chandler|last7=Fuller|first7=Harold de Wolf|last8=Tilton|first8=Theodore|last9=Ward|first9=William Hayes|last10=Holt|first10=Hamilton|last11=Herter|first11=Christian Archibald|last12=Franklin|first12=Fabian}}</ref>

=== Oppenheim's poem ===
The phrase was subsequently picked up by James Oppenheim and incorporated into his poem 'Bread and Roses',<ref name=":0" /> which was published in ''The American Magazine'' in December 1911, with the attribution line "{{-'}}Bread for all, and Roses, too' – a slogan of the women in the West."<ref name="Oppenheim 214">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcfQAAAAMAAJ|title=American Magazine|last=Oppenheim|first=James|date=December 1911|publisher=Colver Publishing House|pages=214|language=en}}</ref> After the poem’s publication in 1911, the poem was published again in July 1912 in ''The Survey'' with the same attribution as in December 1911. It was published again on October 4, 1912, in ''The Public'', a weekly led by [[Louis Freeland Post|Louis F. Post]] in Chicago, this time with the slogan being attributed to the "Chicago Women Trade Unionists".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYlGAQAAIAAJ|title=The Public|last1=Post|first1=Louis Freeland|last2=Post|first2=Alice Thatcher|last3=Cooley|first3=Stoughton|date=October 4, 1912|publisher=Public Publishing Company|pages=951|language=en}}</ref>

=== Lawrence textile strike ===
[[File:Lawrence textile strikers parading in New York City.png|thumb|The children of Lawrence textile strikers, who were sent to New York City for temporary care, march with banners in solidarity with the textile strikers back in Massachusetts.|upright=1|right]]
The first publication of Oppenheim's poem in book form was in the 1915 labor anthology ''The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest'' by [[Upton Sinclair]]. This time the poem had the new attribution and rephrased slogan: "In a parade of strikers of Lawrence, Mass., some young girls carried a banner inscribed, 'We want Bread, and Roses too!{{'"}}.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8gRAAAAIAAJ|title=The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest ...|last=Sinclair|first=Upton|date=1915|publisher=Sinclair|pages=247|language=en}}</ref><!--<ref name="Zwick-J_2002"/>--> The [[1912 Lawrence textile strike|Lawrence textile strike]], which lasted from January to March 1912, united dozens of immigrant communities under the leadership of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]], and was led to a large extent by women. The [[Women's Trade Union League|Women's Trade Union League of Boston]] also became partially involved in the strike, and set up a relief station, which provided food.

The Women's Trade Union League of [[Boston]] had, however, only limited involvement in the strike, since it was affiliated with the [[American Federation of Labor]] (AFL), which did not endorse the strike. This restraint on involvement in the strike caused a number of Boston League members to resign. One critic of the AFL's failure to endorse the strike stated: "To me, many of the people in the AFL seem to be selfish, reactionary and remote from the struggle for bread and liberty of the unskilled workers..."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAlZxz0SOyUC|title=The Necessity of Organization: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan and Trade Unionism for Women, 1892-1912|last=Nutter|first=Kathleen Banks|date=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780815335054|pages=159–68|language=en}}</ref> Although popular telling of the strike includes signs being carried by women reading "We want bread, but we want roses, too!", a number of historians are of the opinion that this account is ahistorical.<ref name="Sider-G-M_1997" /><ref name="Watson-B_2006" /><!--<ref name="Zwick-J_2002"/>--><ref name="Ross-R-J-S_2013" /><ref name="Silber-Irwin_1999-03-10" />

=== Schneiderman's speech ===
[[File:Rose-schneidermann-poster-pre-1920 cropped.jpg|thumb|Poster from 1912 of Rose Schneiderman as speaker with her famous bread and roses quote printed on it |upright|right]]
In May 1912, Merle Bosworth gave a speech in [[Plymouth, Indiana]], on women suffrage in which she repeated the discussion of taxation without representation and the meaning of the phrase "Bread and Roses" that Helen Todd and her companions gave in 1910 during their automobile campaign for the women's suffrage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87056245/1912-05-02/ed-1/seq-3/|title=Oration on Woman Suffrage|date=May 2, 1912|work=The Weekly Republican|access-date=February 13, 2019|page=3}}</ref> A month later in June 1912 [[Rose Schneiderman]] of the [[Women's Trade Union League|Women's Trade Union League of New York]] discussed the phrase in a speech she gave in [[Cleveland]] in support of the [[Ohio]] women's campaign for equal suffrage.<ref name="Eisenstein-S_1983" /> In her speech, which was partially published in the Women's Trade Union League journal ''Life and Labor,'' she stated:
{{Blockquote|text=What the woman who labors wants is the right to live, not simply exist – the right to life as the rich woman has the right to life, and the sun and music and art. You have nothing that the humblest worker has not a right to have also. The worker must have bread, but she must have roses, too. Help, you women of privilege, give her the ballot to fight with.|sign=Rose Schneiderman, 1912.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epBZAAAAYAAJ|title=Life and Labor|date=1912|publisher=National Women's Trade Union League|pages=288|language=en}}</ref>|source=}}
Schneiderman, subsequently, gave a number of speeches in which she repeated her quote about the worker desiring bread and roses. Due to these speeches, Schneiderman's name became intertwined with the phrase bread and roses.  A year after the publication of Oppenheim's poem, the Lawrence textile strike, and Schneiderman's speech, the phrase had spread throughout the country. In July 1913, for instance, during a [[suffrage parade]] in [[Maryland]], a float with the theme "Bread for all, and roses, too" participated. The float "bore ... a boat with three children, a boy with a basket of bread and two girls with a basket of roses."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/nevada/reno/reno-evening-gazette/1913/07-07/page-7|title=Bread for all and roses too|date=July 7, 1913|work=Reno Evening Gazette|access-date=February 18, 2019}}</ref>

=== Galen of Pergamon ===

The source of Helen Todd's inspiration for the phrase "bread and roses" is unknown.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_-nDQAAQBAJ&dq=If+thou+hast+two+loaves+of+bread,+sell+one+and+buy+flowers,+for+bread+is+food+for+the+body,+but+flowers+are+food+for+the+mind&pg=PT302|title=The Great Lawrence Textile Strike of 1912: New Scholarship on the Bread & Roses Strike|last1=Forrant|first1=Robert|last2=Siegenthaler|first2=Jurg K.|last3=Levenstein|first3=Charles|last4=Wooding|first4=John|date=2016-12-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351863339|language=en}}</ref> However, there is a quote by the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] physician and philosopher [[Galen|Galen of Pergamon]] which closely parallels the sentiment and wording of the phrase. [[Edward William Lane|Edward Lane]], in the notes of his 1838 translation of ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lane|first=E. W.|date=1838|title=From the Athenaeum − The Arabian Nights' Entertainments: with Copious Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3lPAQAAMAAJ|journal=Littell's Spirit of the Magazines and Annuals: Consisting of the Best Parts of Blackwood's, Metropolitan, New Monthly and Other Magazines, and All the Annuals|publisher=E. Littell & Company|pages=862}}</ref> states that, according to 15th-century writer Shems-ed-Deen Moḥammad en-Nowwájee, Galen said, "He who has two cakes of bread, let him dispose of one of them for some [[Narcissus (plant)|flowers of narcissus]]; for bread is the food of the body, and the narcissus is the food of the soul."<ref name="Lane 1883">{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41110/41110-h/41110-h.htm|title=Arabian Society In The Middle Ages Studies From The Thousand And One Nights|last=Lane|first=Edward William|year=1883|location=London|quote=The quote comes via Arabic translation from the book ''Ḥalbet El-Kumeyt'' which was written by Shems-ed-deen Moḥammad En-Nowwájee († 1454) who attributes the quote to Galen. See pp. 167 (footnote 195), pp. 283}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/galenonnaturalfa00galeuoft|title=Galen On the Natural Faculties|last=Galen|date=1916|publisher=W. Heinemann|pages=[https://archive.org/details/galenonnaturalfa00galeuoft/page/3 3]|language=en|quote=In this work, Galen does not specifically in one place state the quote mentioned by Edward Lane; however, in the first chapter of ''Natural Faculties'' he discusses the difference between plants and animals. Plants only have a physical body, while animals have both a physical body and soul. The body is fed by physical nutrients, such as bread, while the soul is fed by the senses. In this treatise, he studies the aspects of the physical body.}}</ref> The sentiment that the poor were not only lacking in food for the body but also flowers for the soul was a theme among [[Reformism (historical)|reformers]] of the period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/10/02/lost-and-pound/|title=Lost and Pound|last=Swift|first=Daniel|date=2017-10-02|website=The Paris Review|language=en|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo1EAQAAIAAJ&dq=If+I+had+but+two+loaves+of+bread+I+would+sell+one+of+them+&pg=PA16-IA159|title=Sick and Lost His Grip|last=Tongier|first=Mae Gutherie|publisher=The Progressive Woman|date=March 1910|volume=III, No. 14|pages=15|language=en}}</ref> In April 1907, [[Mary Macarthur|Mary MacArthur]] of the [[Women's Trade Union League (UK)|British Women's Trade  Union League]] visited the Women's Trade Union League of Chicago and gave a speech addressing this theme.<ref name="Henry 46–47">{{Cite journal|last=Henry|first=Alice|date=April 7, 1907|title=Mary MacArthur and the Women's Trade Union Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDNHAQAAIAAJ|journal=The Survey|volume=18|pages=46–47}}</ref> [[Alice Henry]] of the Chicago League reported that McArthur's message could be summed up by Galen's quote, which she had mentioned more than once, and that although the quote warns against the materialist nature of the industrial situation, it also points in the direction in which the reformers hopes may go. McArthur's version of Galen's quote is:

{{Blockquote|text=If thou hast two loaves of bread, sell one and buy flowers, for bread is food for the body, but flowers are food for the mind.|sign=|source=Galen of Pergamon, {{circa|200}} AD.<ref name="Henry 46–47">{{Cite journal|last=Henry|first=Alice|date=April 7, 1907|title=Mary MacArthur and the Women's Trade Union Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDNHAQAAIAAJ|journal=The Survey|volume=18|pages=46–47}}</ref><ref name="Lane 1883">{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41110/41110-h/41110-h.htm|title=Arabian Society In The Middle Ages Studies From The Thousand And One Nights|last=Lane|first=Edward William|year=1883|location=London|quote=The quote comes via Arabic translation from the book ''Ḥalbet El-Kumeyt'' which was written by Shems-ed-deen Moḥammad En-Nowwájee († 1454) who attributes the quote to Galen. See pp. 167 (footnote 195), pp. 283}}</ref>}}