Editing Buffalo Springfield (section)

== History ==

=== Origins ===
[[Neil Young]] and [[Stephen Stills]] met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in [[Thunder Bay]], Ontario. Young was there with [[the Squires]], a [[Winnipeg]] group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with [[The Company (folk-rock band)|the Company]], a spin-off from the [[Cafe Au Go Go|Au Go Go Singers]]. When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]], where he worked as a [[session musician]] and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, [[the Monkees]].<ref name="Prown Newquist 1997">{{cite book|author= Pete Prown, HP Newquist|date= 1997|title= Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists|page= 45|publisher= Hal Leonard| isbn= 978-0-7935-4042-6}}</ref> Told by record producer [[Barry Friedman]] there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former [[The Squires|Squires]] bass player [[Ken Koblun]] to come join him in [[California]]. Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group [[3's a Crowd (band)|3's a Crowd]].

While in Toronto in early 1966, Young met [[Bruce Palmer]], a Canadian who was playing bass for [[the Mynah Birds]]. In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted. The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for [[Motown Records]] when their singer Ricky James Matthews, later known as [[Rick James]], was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being [[Desertion|AWOL]].

With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned the Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] [[hearse]], which they drove to [[Los Angeles]].<ref name="WFP">{{cite news|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/entertainment/music/one-moment-that-made-music-history-375979631.html|title=One moment that made music history|author=John Einarson|newspaper=[[Winnipeg Free Press]]|date=April 16, 2017|access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-date=November 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110629/https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/entertainment/music/one-moment-that-made-music-history-375979631.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet [[Stephen Stills]], who, as Young had learned, was living in the city. However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills. Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]]. While the two were stuck in traffic on [[Sunset Boulevard]], they were spotted by Stills and [[Richie Furay]], who were heading the other direction down Sunset. Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited.<ref name="WFP" />

Drummer [[Dewey Martin (musician)|Dewey Martin]], who had played with [[garage rock]] group [[the Standells]] and with [[country music|country]] artists such as [[Patsy Cline]] and [[the Dillards]], joined at the suggestion of [[the Byrds]]' manager, Jim Dickson. The group's name was taken from a brand of [[steamroller]] made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company. The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at [[The Troubadour (Los Angeles)|The Troubadour]] in [[West Hollywood]], five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard. A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for [[the Dillards]] and [[the Byrds]].

=== Management and first recordings ===
[[File:Whisky a Go-Go.jpg|thumb|In May{{nbsp}}1966, one month after forming, Buffalo Springfield began a multi-week residency at [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]'s [[Whisky a Go Go]] (''pictured 2006''). Stephen Stills later said: "[T]hat's when we peaked. After then, it was downhill."{{sfn|Priore|2015|p=238}}]]

[[Chris Hillman]] of the Byrds persuaded the owners of the [[Whisky a Go Go]] to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966. This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels. It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management. In turn, Davis sought advice from [[Sonny & Cher]]'s management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers. Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager. Greene and Stone made a deal with [[Ahmet Ertegun]] of [[Atlantic Records]] for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with [[Elektra Records]] and [[Warner Bros. Records]], and arranged for the band to start recording at [[Gold Star Studios]] in Hollywood.

The first Buffalo Springfield single, "[[Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing]]", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the top 25. Young and Stills have long maintained that their own [[Monaural|mono]] mix was superior to the [[Stereophonic sound|stereo]] mix engineered by Greene and Stone. The band's [[Buffalo Springfield (album)|eponymous album]] was released by Atlantic subsidiary [[Atco Records|Atco]] in mono and in stereo in October 1966.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6igEAAAAMBAJ&q=buffalo+springfield&pg=PP1|title=Billboard|date=October 22, 1966}}</ref> A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year.

[[File:Buffalo Springfield Promotional Photo.png|thumb|left|The band in late 1966]]

In November 1966, Stills composed "[[For What It's Worth]]", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the [[Pandora's Box (nightclub)|Pandora's Box]] nightclub on [[Sunset Strip]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-aug-05-me-then5-story.html|title=Closing of club ignited the 'Sunset Strip riots'|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Cecilia Rasmussen|date=August 5, 2007|access-date=June 3, 2017|archive-date=January 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130193147/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/aug/05/local/me-then5|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station [[KHJ (AM)|KHJ]] soon afterwards. By March 1967, it was a top ten hit. Atco took advantage of this momentum by replacing the song "Baby Don't Scold Me" with "For What It's Worth" and re-releasing the album. "For What It's Worth" sold over one million copies and was awarded a [[music recording sales certification|gold disc]].<ref name="Murrells 1978">{{cite book| author = Joseph Murrells| year = 1978| title = The Book of Golden Discs| publisher = Barrie and Jenkins Ltd| page = [https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/217 217]| isbn = 978-0-214-20512-5| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/217}}</ref>
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=== Lineup changes, arrest, and breakup ===
[[File:Buffalo Springfield posing 1967.jpg|thumb|Buffalo Springfield in 1967]]
In January 1967, Palmer was deported for possession of [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/oct/16/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries1|title=Bruce Palmer|author=Adam Sweeting|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 16, 2004|access-date=June 3, 2017|archive-date=July 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720123624/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/oct/16/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries1|url-status=live}}</ref> but returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent (guitarist Doug Hastings filled in for Young during this period). The band, with [[David Crosby]] sitting in, played the [[Monterey Pop Festival]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC&pg=PA160|page=160|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|author=Peter Lavezzoli|publisher=A&C Black|date=April 24, 2006|isbn=9780826418159|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140137/https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC&pg=PA160|url-status=live}}</ref> Young returned in August and the band severed ties with Greene and Stone, then divided its time between playing gigs and finalising the second album, ultimately titled ''[[Buffalo Springfield Again]]''. Produced by Ertegun, ''Buffalo Springfield Again'' was released in November 1967. It includes "[[Mr. Soul]]", "Rock & Roll Woman", "Bluebird", "Sad Memory", and "Broken Arrow". The band toured as support for [[the Beach Boys]] during early 1968.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCL_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|page=34|title=Neil Young: Heart of Gold|author=Harvey Kubernik|publisher=Omnibus Press|date=November 9, 2015|isbn=9781783235797|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727142834/https://books.google.com/books?id=OCL_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|url-status=live}}</ref> In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, [[Jim Messina (musician)|Jim Messina]], who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on [[electric bass|bass]].<ref name="break">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XG9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|page=125|title=The 100 Greatest Bands of All Time: A Guide to the Legends Who Rocked the World|author=David V. Moskowitz|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=November 10, 2015|isbn=9781440803406|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727142619/https://books.google.com/books?id=8XG9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead guitar parts at concerts. Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing.

In the [[Netflix]] documentary ''Echo in the Canyon'', Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement. The band were hosting a small rehearsal party, attended by [[Eric Clapton]] among others, in April 1968.<ref name="break" /> Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint. During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to "call lawyers," but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window. According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said "cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that". Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the [[LA County Jail|Los Angeles County Jail]].
[[File:Buffalo Springfield 1968 publicity shot.jpg|thumb|Buffalo Springfield in early 1968]]
Following a gig at the Long Beach Auditorium on 5 May 1968, the band held a meeting with Ertegun to arrange their breakup. Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers.<ref name="break" /> Later, Furay and Messina compiled various tracks recorded between mid-1967 and early 1968 into the third and final studio album, ''[[Last Time Around]]'' (1968).