Editing Bugle (section)

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2023 }}
:''See also [[Clarion (instrument)|Clarion]]'' and ''[[Natural trumpet]]''

The English word ''bugle'' comes from a combination of words. From French, it reaches back to ''cor buglèr'' and ''bugleret'', indicating a signaling [[Horn (instrument)|horn]] made from a small cow's horn. Going back further, it touches on Latin, ''buculus,'' meaning bullock. Old English also influences the modern word with ''bugle'', meaning "wild ox."<ref>{{Cite Grove |title=Bugle(i) |author1-first=Anthony C. |author1-last=Baines |author2-first=Trevor |author2-last=Herbert |id=04270}}</ref>

The name indicates an animal's (cow's) horn, which was the way horns were made in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.{{sfn|Bragard|1968|p=59}} The modern bugle is made from metal tubing, and that technology has roots which date back to the Roman Empire, as well as to the Middle East during the Crusades, where Europeans re-discovered metal-tubed trumpets and brought them home.<ref name=GroveTrumpet>{{cite Grove |title=Trumpet |author1-first=Margaret |author1-last=Sarkissian  |author2-first=Edward H. |author2-last=Tarr |id=49912 |quote= ...trumpet disappeared from Europe after the fall of Rome and was not reintroduced until the time of the crusades, when instruments were taken from the Saracens... In Western art before the crusades...animal horns are generally shown.}}</ref>

Historically, horns were curved trumpets, conical, often made from ox or other animal horns, from shells, from hollowed ivory such as the [[olifant (instrument)|olifant]].{{sfn|Bragard|1968|p=59}}{{sfn|Sachs|1940||p=48, 280, 384}} There existed another tradition of trumpets made of straight metal tubes of brass or silver that went back in Europe as far as the Greeks ([[salpinx]]) and Romans ([[Roman tuba]]), and further back to the Etruscans, Assyrians and Egyptians ([[King Tut's Trumpet]]).<ref name=GroveTrumpet/> After the fall of Rome, when much of Europe was separated from the remaining Eastern Roman Empire, the straight, tubular sheet-metal trumpet disappeared and curved horns were Europe's trumpet.<ref name=tube>{{cite journal |title= The Looped Trumpet in the Near East |author= Michael Pirker |journal= RIdIM/RCMI Newsletter |date= Spring 1993 |volume= 18 |issue= 1|pages= 3–8 |publisher=  Research Center for Music Iconography, The Graduate Center, City University of New York |jstor= 41604971 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/41604971 |quote=There is no evidence available on the use of the trumpet in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. It made its appearance again from the Orient, via the Crusades, beginning in the eleventh centuru}}</ref>

The sheet-metal tubular trumpet persisted in the Middle East and Central Asia as the [[nafir]] and [[karnay]], and during the [[Reconquista]] and [[Crusades]], Europeans began to build them again, having seen these instruments in their wars.<ref name=GroveTrumpet/><ref name=BrillBuq>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Farmer |first=H.G. |article=Būḳ |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |date=2012 |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0127 |isbn=9789004161214 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2 |article-url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/buk-COM_0127 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 January 2023 |quote= It is generally acknowledged...that the cylindrical bore instruments were borrowed from the East. Perhaps those buccins Turcs and cors sarrasinois which the Crusading chroniclers record included the nafīr and karnā...}}</ref> The first made were [[Buisine|the añafil in Spain and buisine in France and elsewhere.]] Then Europeans took a step that hadn't been part of trumpet making since the Roman ([[buccina]] and [[Cornu (horn)|cornu]]); they figured out how to bend tubes without ruining them and by the 1400s were experimenting with new instruments.<ref name=GroveTrumpet/><ref name=GroveNafir>{{cite Grove |first=Michael |last=Pirker |title=Nafīr |id=19529 |quote=The looped trumpet is a European development adopted by Eastern cultures; from the 14th century new forms of trumpets with curved tubes started to appear in Europe, and European instruments then began to supersede the straight trumpet in Islamic societies.}}</ref>

Whole lines of brass instruments were created, including initially examples like the clarion and the natural trumpet.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}} These were bent-tube variations that shrank the long tubes into a manageable size and controlled the way the instruments sounded.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}} One of the variations was to create "sickle shaped" horn or "hunting horns" in the 15th century.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}} By the 18th century, Germans had created a "half moon" shaped horn called the ''halbmondbläser'', used by Jäger battalions.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}}{{sfn|Marcuse|1964|p=224|loc=Halbmond}} During the last quarter of the 18th century, or by 1800, the half-moon horn was bent further into a loop, possibly first by William Shaw (or his workshop) of London.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}}{{sfn|Marcuse|1964|p=70|loc=Bugle}} The instrument was used militarily at that point as the "bugle horn."{{sfn|Marcuse|1964|p=70|loc=Bugle}}

In 1758, the ''Halbmondbläser'' (half-moon) was used by light infantry from [[Hanover]], and continued until after 1813.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}} It was crescent-shaped (hence its name) and comfortably carried by a shoulder strap attached at the mouthpiece and bell. It first spread to England where as the "bugle horn" it was gradually accepted by the light dragoons (1764), the Grenadier Guards (1772), light artillery (1788) and light infantry.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/lightinfantry/history_traditions/dress_drill_customs_traditions/regimental_dress/the_bugle_horn.htm |title=History of the Bugle Horn |publisher=British Army |access-date=3 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005210959/http://www.army.mod.uk/lightinfantry/history_traditions/dress_drill_customs_traditions/regimental_dress/the_bugle_horn.htm |archive-date=5 October 2007 }}</ref>

18th-century cavalry did not normally use a standard bugle, but rather an early [[trumpet]] that might be mistaken for a bugle today, as it lacked keys or valves, but had a more gradual taper and a smaller bell, producing a sound more easily audible at close range but with less carrying power over distance. The earliest bugles were shaped in a coil – typically a double coil, but also a single or triple coil – similar to the modern [[French horn|horn]], and were used to communicate during hunts and as announcing-instruments for coaches (somewhat akin to today's automobile horn). Predecessors and relatives of the bugle included the [[post horn]], the Pless horn (sometimes called the "Prince Pless horn"), the bugle horn, and the [[shofar]], among others.  The ancient Roman army used the [[buccina]].

<gallery>
File:Museo Numantino - Trompa.jpg|Iberian Celtic trumpet or bugle made from clay, 2nd-1st century B.C., Iberian Peninsula. 

File:1911 EB Roman Bugle.png|Roman bugle, 4th century. Added to the [[British Museum]] in 1904, this late Roman bugle is bent completely round upon itself to form a coil between the mouthpiece and the bell (broken off). Found at [[Mont Ventoux]], France.

File:Pilaster of Angels Sounding Trumpets from the Parapet of a Pulpit MET DP169508.jpg|13th century. Angels sounding horns or trumpets. The horns were manufactured in the shape of oxen horns.

File:Grotesque with bent trumpet, Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre, 1361-1425, fol. 272r.jpg|Awareness of trumpet experiments reached a 1405 illustrator in France, who painted a [[grotesque]] playing a trumpet bent into a U.

File:Musica getutscht und außgezogen 021.jpg|Virdung illustrated (1511 A.D.) bent trumpets including ''felttrumet'' (field trumpet) and ''busaun'' ([[sackbut]]).

File:Frères Limbourg - Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry - mois de mai - Google Art Project cropped.jpg|[[Clarion (instrument)|Clarion]] trumpet, [[buisine]] trumpet, 2 [[shawm]]s. Painted in France between 1412 and 1416. (upper left corner). The ''clarion'' matches the ''felttrumet'' in Virdung's 1511 illustrations of musical instruments.

File:Mehter detail Hazine 1339 folio 103b.jpg|[[Mehterhâne]], Ottoman miniature circa 1568. The musicians play two [[zurna]], two spiral trumpets (''boru''), a cylinder drum ''[[davul]]'' and a pair of kettle drums (''nakkare''). In 1529, the "Turkish field clamor" reached Vienna for the first time.
File:Knoe08 19.jpg|Hessian-Darmstadt soldiers, 1816, one with a ''halbmondbläser''.
</gallery>