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==Taxonomy== The family Pycnonotidae was introduced by the English zoologist [[George Robert Gray]] in 1840 as a subfamily Pycnonotinae of the thrush family [[Turdidae]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | location=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | page=28 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668922 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | location=New York | pages=201, 237 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref> The Persian word ''bulbul'' (Ψ¨ΩΨ¨Ω) is sometimes used to refer to the "[[nightingale]]" as well as the bulbul, but the English word ''bulbul'' refers to the birds discussed in this article.{{sfn|Fishpool|Tobias|2005|pp=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0010unse/page/161/mode/1up 161β162]}} A few species that were previously considered to be members of the Pycnonotidae have been moved to other families. Several Malagasy species that were formerly placed in the genus ''[[Phyllastrephus]]'' are now placed in the family [[Bernieridae]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Cibois | first1=Alice | last2=Slikas | first2=Beth | last3=Shulenberg | first3=Thomas S. | last4=Pasquet | first4=Eric | year=2001 | title=An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data | journal=Evolution | volume=55 | issue=6 | pages=1198β1206 | doi=10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2 | pmid=11475055 | doi-access= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cibois | first1 = Alice | last2 = David | first2 = Normand | last3 = Gregory | first3 = Steven M. S. | last4 = Pasquet | first4 = Eric | year = 2010 | title = Bernieridae (Aves: Passeriformes): a family-group name for the Malagasy sylvioid radiation | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2554 | pages = 65β68 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.2554.1.6 }}</ref> In addition, the genus ''[[Nicator]]'' containing three African species is now placed in a separate family [[Nicatoridae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beresford |first1=P. |last2=Barker |first2=F.K. |last3=Ryan |first3=P.G. |last4=Crowe |first4=T.M. |year=2005 |title=African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas' |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=272 |issue=1565 |pages=849β858 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2997 |pmid=15888418 |pmc=1599865 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Johansson | first1=U.S. | last2=FjeldsΓ₯ | first2=J. | last3=Bowie | first3=R.C.K. | date=2008 | title=Phylogenetic relationships within Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes): A review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=48 | issue=3 | pages=858β876 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.029| pmid=18619860 }}</ref> A study published in 2007 by Ulf Johansson and colleagues using three nuclear markers found that the genus ''[[Andropadus]]'' was [[monophyletic|non-monophyletic]]. In the subsequent revision, species were moved to three resurrected genera: ''[[Arizelocichla]]'', ''[[Stelgidillas]]'' and ''[[Eurillas]]''. Only the [[sombre greenbul]] (''Andropadus importunus''), was retained in ''Andropadus''.<ref name=ioc/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Johansson | first1=U.S. | last2=FjeldsΓ₯ | first2=J. | last3=Lokugalappatti | first3=L.G.S. | last4=Bowie | first4=R.C.K. | date=2007 | title=A nuclear DNA phylogeny and proposed taxonomic revision of African greenbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae) | journal=Zoologica Scripta | volume=36 | issue=5 | pages=417β427 | doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00290.x| s2cid=84799480 }}</ref> A study by Subir Shakya and Frederick Shelden published in 2017 found that species in the large genus ''[[β―Pycnonotus]]'' formed several deeply divergent clades. The genus was split and six genera were resurrected to accommodate these clades.<ref name=ioc/><ref name=shakya>{{Cite journal | last1=Shakya | first1=Subir B. | last2=Sheldon | first2=Frederick H. | date=2017 | title=The phylogeny of the world's bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) inferred using a supermatrix approach | journal=Ibis | volume=159 | issue=3 | pages=498β509 | doi=10.1111/ibi.12464| doi-access=free }}</ref> The family forms two main clades. One clade contains species that are only found in Africa; many of these have greenbul in the common name. The second clade contains mostly Asian species but includes a few species that are found in Africa.<ref name=shakya/> {{Cladogram |caption=Phylogeny based on a study of the babblers by Cai and colleagues published in 2019.<ref name=ioc/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Cai | first1=T. | last2=Cibois | first2=A. | last3=AlstrΓΆm | first3=P. | last4=Moyle | first4=R.G. | last5=Kennedy | first5=J.D. | last6=Shao | first6=S. | last7=Zhang | first7=R. | last8=Irestedt | first8=M. | last9=Ericson | first9=P.G.P. | last10=Gelang | first10=M. | last11=Qu | first11=Y. | last12=Lei | first12=F. | last13=FjeldsΓ₯ | first13=J. | date=2019 | title=Near-complete phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the world's babblers (Aves: Passeriformes) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=130 | pages=346β356 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.010 | pmid=30321696 | doi-access=free }}</ref> |align=centre |cladogram={{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%;width:500px; |1={{clade |1={{clade |1='''Pycnonotidae''' β bulbuls (163 species) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Paradoxornithidae]] β parrotbills and myzornis (38 species) |2=[[Sylviidae]] β sylviid babblers (32 species) }} |2={{clade |1=[[Zosteropidae]] β white-eyes (152 species) |2={{clade |1=[[Timaliidae]] β tree babblers (58 species) |2={{clade |1=[[Pellorneidae]] β ground babblers (68 species) |2={{clade |1=[[Alcippeidae]] β Alcippe fulvettas (10 species) |2=[[Leiothrichidae]] β laughingthrushes and allies (133 species) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ===List of genera=== [[File:Spizixos semitorques.jpg|thumb|252px|[[Collared finchbill]]]] [[File:Red-whiskered Bulbul-web.jpg|thumb|252px|[[Red-whiskered bulbul]]]] Currently, there are 163 recognized species in 32 genera:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Bulbuls | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/bulbuls/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> * Genus ''[[Andropadus]]'' β [[sombre greenbul]] (formerly contained many species) * Genus ''[[Stelgidillas]]'' β [[slender-billed greenbul]] (formerly in ''Andropadus'') * Genus ''[[Calyptocichla]]'' β [[golden greenbul]] * Genus ''[[Neolestes]]'' β [[black-collared bulbul]] * Genus ''[[Bleda (bird)|Bleda]]'' β bristlebills (5 species) * Genus ''[[Atimastillas]]'' β greenbuls (2 species) * Genus ''[[Ixonotus]]'' β [[spotted greenbul]] * Genus ''[[Thescelocichla]]'' β [[swamp palm bulbul]] * Genus ''[[Chlorocichla]]'' β greenbuls (5 species) * Genus ''[[Baeopogon]]'' β greenbuls (2 species) * Genus ''[[Arizelocichla]]'' β greenbuls (11 species) (formerly in ''Andropadus'') * Genus ''[[Criniger]]'' β greenbuls (5 species) * Genus ''[[Eurillas]]'' β greenbuls (5 species) (formerly in ''Andropadus'') * Genus ''[[Phyllastrephus]]'' β greenbuls and brownbuls (20 species) * Genus ''[[Tricholestes]]'' β [[hairy-backed bulbul]] * Genus ''[[Setornis]]'' β [[hook-billed bulbul]] * Genus ''[[Alophoixus]]'' β 8 species (formerly in ''Criniger'') * Genus ''[[Alcurus]]'' β [[striated bulbul]] * Genus ''[[Iole (genus)|Iole]]'' β 7 species * Genus ''[[Hemixos]]'' β 4 species * Genus ''[[Acritillas]]'' β [[yellow-browed bulbul]] * Genus ''[[Ixos]]'' β 5 species * Genus ''[[Hypsipetes]]'' β 26 species (includes 3 species formerly in ''Thapsinillas'', one formerly in ''[[Cerasophila]]'' and one formerly in ''Microscelis'') * Genus ''[[Puff-backed bulbul|Euptilotus]]'' β [[puff-backed bulbul]] (formerly in ''Pycnonotus'') * Genus ''[[Microtarsus]]'' β [[black-and-white bulbul]] (formerly in ''Pycnonotus'') * Genus ''[[Poliolophus ]]'' β [[yellow-wattled bulbul]] (formerly in ''Pycnonotus'') * Genus ''[[Brachypodius]]'' β 4 species (formerly in ''Pycnonotus'') * Genus ''[[Ixodia (bird)|Ixodia]]'' β 3 species (formerly in ''Pycnonotus'') * Genus ''[[Rubigula]]'' β 5 species (formerly in ''Pycnonotus'') * Genus ''[[Bare-faced bulbul|Nok]]'' β [[bare-faced bulbul]] (genus introduced in 2017) * Genus ''[[Spizixos]]'' β finchbills (2 species) * Genus ''[[Pycnonotus]]'' β 34 species (substantially reduced from earlier classification) ===Cladogram=== {{Cladogram |caption=Phylogeny based on a study by Subir Shakya and Frederick Shelden published in 2017 with the revised genera as defined in the list maintained on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]].<ref name=ioc/><ref name=shakya/> The positions of the [[bare-faced bulbul]] (''Nok hualon'') and the [[yellow-browed bulbul]] (''Acritillas indica'') are based on a study by JΓ©rΓ΄me Fuchs and colleagues published in 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Fuchs | first1=J. | last2=Pasquet | first2=E. | last3=Stuart | first3=B.L. | last4=Woxvold | first4=I.A. | last5=Duckworth | first5=J.W. | last6=Bowie | first6=R.C.K. | date=2018 | title=Phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic Bare-faced Bulbul ''Pycnonotus hualon'' with description of a new genus | journal=Ibis | volume=160 | issue=3 | pages=659β665 | doi=10.1111/ibi.12580}}</ref> As currently defined the genera ''Chlorocichla'' and ''Arizelocichla'' are not [[monophyletic]]. |align=centre |cladogram={{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%;width:600px; |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Africa clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Andropadus]]'' β sombre greenbul |2={{clade |1=''[[Calyptocichla]]'' β golden greenbul |2=''[[Stelgidillas]]'' β slender-billed greenbul }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Neolestes]]'' β black-collared bulbul |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Phyllastrephus]]'' β greenbuls, brownbuls, leaflove (20 species) |2={{clade |1=''[[Criniger]]'' β greenbuls (5 species) |2=''[[Eurillas]]'' β greenbuls (5 species) }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Bleda_(bird)|Bleda]] - [[Bristlebill]]'' β bristlebills (5 species) |2={{clade |1=''[[Arizelocichla]]'' β greenbuls (12 species) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Atimastillas]]'' β yellow-throated leaflove |2={{clade |1=''[[Ixonotus]]'' β spotted greenbul |2=''[[Thescelocichla]]'' β swamp palm bulbul }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Arizelocichla montana]]'' β Cameroon greenbul |2={{clade |1=''[[Chlorocichla]]'' β greenbuls (5 species) |2={{clade |1=''[[Baeopogon]]'' β greenbuls (2 species) |2=''[[Chlorocichla simplex]]'' β simple greenbul }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=mainly Asian clade |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Brachypodius]]'' β (4 species) |2=''[[Poliolophus]]'' β yellow-wattled bulbul }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Euptilotus]]'' β puff-backed bulbul |2=''[[Microtarsus]]'' β black-and-white bulbul }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Ixodia (bird)|Ixodia]]'' β (3 species) |2=''[[Rubigula]]'' β (5 species) }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Pycnonotus]]'' β (34 species) |2={{clade |1=''[[Bare-faced_bulbul|Nok]]'' β bare-faced bulbul |2=''[[Spizixos]]'' β finchbills (2 species) }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Tricholestes]]'' β hairy-backed bulbul |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Alophoixus]]'' β (8 species) |2=''[[Setornis]]'' β hook-billed bulbul }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Alcurus]]'' β striated bulbul |2={{clade |1=''[[Iole (genus)|Iole]]'' β (7 species) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Acritillas]]'' β yellow-browed bulbul |2=''[[Hemixos]]'' β (4 species) }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Hypsipetes]]'' β (25 species) |2=''[[Ixos]]'' β (5 species) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
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