Editing Bumin Qaghan (section)

== Early life and reign ==
According to ''[[History of Northern Dynasties]]'' and ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier of [[Cao Wei|Wei]]. The [[Chancellor (China)|chancellor]] of [[Western Wei]], [[Yuwen Tai]], sent [[An Nuopanto]] (安諾盤陀, Nanai-Banda, a [[Sogdian people|Sogdian]] from [[Bukhara]],<ref>Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008. [http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Japanologie/noag/noag2008_7.pdf p. 123.] {{in lang|de}}</ref>) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship.<ref name="Northern99">Li Yanshou (李延寿), ''History of Northern Dynasties'', [[:zh:s:北史/卷099|Vol. 99.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi159">[[Sima Guang]], ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷159|Vol. 159.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of the [[Tiele people|Tiele tribes]] against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. The Rouran khagan, [[Yujiulü Anagui|Anagui]], sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50">[[Linghu Defen]] et al., ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', [[:zh:s:周書/卷50|Vol. 50.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi164">Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷164|Vol. 164.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref>Christopher I. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-691-13589-2}}, p. 9.</ref> Anagui's "blacksmith" ([[wikt:鍛|鍛]][[wikt:奴|奴]] / 锻奴, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Turks (referred as "Tujue" in Chinese sources) did serve as blacksmiths for the Rouran elite,<ref name="Ma Zhangshou" /><ref name="Fengxiang" /><ref name="Gao Yang" /><ref name="Burhan Oğuz" /> and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society.<ref>Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed. [[John Curtis Perry]], Bardwell L. Smith, ''Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces'', Brill Archive, 1976, {{ISBN|978-90-04-04761-7}}, p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5s4UAAAAIAAJ&dq=Blacksmith+slave+Juan+Juan&pg=PA65 ''Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan confederation of Mongolia, whom they served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with qaghan's armies.'']</ref> Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against Rouran.
[[File:First Turk Khaganate(600).PNG|thumb|Gokturk khaganate.]]
In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess in marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sent [[:zh:长乐公主 (西魏)|Princess Changle(長樂公主)]] of Western Wei to Bumin.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" /><ref name="Zizhi164" /> In the same year when [[Emperor Wen of Western Wei]] died, Bumin sent mission and gave two hundred horses.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" />

The beginning of formal diplomatic relations with China propped up Bumin's authority among the Turks. He eventually united the local Turkic tribes and threw off the yoke of the [[Rouran]] domination. In 552 Bumin's army defeated Anagui's forces at the north of [[Six Frontier Towns|Huaihuang]] and then Anagui committed suicide.<ref name="Zhou50" /> With their defeat Bumin proclaimed himself "'''Illig Qaghan'''" and made his wife [[Khatun|qaghatun]].<ref name="Zhou50" /> "Illig" means [[Ilkhan (title)|Ilkhan]] (i.e. ruler of people) in [[Old Turkic]].<ref>Talat Tekin, (1968), ''A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic'', p. 58</ref> According to the [[Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments|Bilge Qaghan's memorial complex]] and the [[Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments|Kul Tigin's memorial complex]], Bumin and [[Istemi]] ruled people by Turkic laws and they developed them.<ref name="Kultegin" /><ref name="Bilge">{{cite web| url = http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1| title = Bilge kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG}}</ref>