Editing Bunyaviricetes (section)

== Virology ==
=== Structure ===
[[File:Peribunyavirus virion structure.gif|thumb|Peribunyavirus virion structure]]
Bunyavirus [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] is somewhat similar to that of the ''[[Paramyxoviridae]]'' family; bunyaviruses form enveloped, spherical virions with diameters of 80–120 [[nanometer|nm]]. These viruses contain no matrix proteins.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bunyaviridae - Negative Sense RNA Viruses - Negative Sense RNA Viruses (2011)|url=https://ictv.global/report/chapter/peribunyaviridae|access-date=2020-09-08|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en}}</ref> Instead, the viral surface glycoproteins which form a continuous layer on the virion surface are thought to play a role in the formation of new virions by budding from a cell membrane.<ref name="pmid20219926">{{cite journal| author=Huiskonen JT, Hepojoki J, Laurinmäki P, Vaheri A, Lankinen H, Butcher SJ | display-authors=etal| title=Electron cryotomography of Tula hantavirus suggests a unique assembly paradigm for enveloped viruses. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 10 | pages= 4889–97 | pmid=20219926 | doi=10.1128/JVI.00057-10 | pmc=2863824 }} </ref> 

=== Genome ===
Bunyaviruses have bi- or tripartite [[genome]]s consisting of a large (L) and small(s), or large (L), medium (M), and small (S) RNA segment. These RNA segments are single-stranded, and exist in a helical formation within the virion. Besides, they exhibit a pseudo-circular{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} structure due to each segment's complementary ends. The L segment encodes the [[RNA-dependent RNA polymerase]], necessary for viral RNA replication and mRNA synthesis. The M segment encodes the viral [[glycoprotein]]s, which project from the viral surface and aid the virus in attaching to and entering the host cell. The S segment encodes the [[nucleocapsid]] protein (N).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ariza|first1=A.|last2=Tanner|first2=S. J.|last3=Walter|first3=C. T.|last4=Dent|first4=K. C.|last5=Shepherd|first5=D. A.|last6=Wu|first6=W.|last7=Matthews|first7=S. V.|last8=Hiscox|first8=J. A.|last9=Green|first9=T. J.|date=2013-06-01|title=Nucleocapsid protein structures from orthobunyaviruses reveal insight into ribonucleoprotein architecture and RNA polymerization|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=41|issue=11|pages=5912–5926|doi=10.1093/nar/gkt268|issn=0305-1048|pmc=3675483|pmid=23595147}}</ref>

Most bunyaviruses have a negative-sense L and M segment. The S segment of the genus ''[[Phlebovirus]]'',<ref name="phlebovirus">{{cite journal |last1=Elliott |first1=Richard M |last2=Brennan |first2=Benjamin |title=Emerging phleboviruses |journal=Current Opinion in Virology |date=April 2014 |volume=5 |issue=100 |pages=50–57 |doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2014.01.011|pmid=24607799 |pmc=4031632 }}</ref> and both M and S segment of the genus ''[[Tospovirus]]'' are [[ambisense]].<ref name="tospovirus">{{cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=R. N. |last2=De Oliveira |first2=A. S. |last3=Leastro |first3=M. O. |last4=Blawid |first4=R. |last5=Nagata |first5=T. |last6=Resende |first6=R. O. |last7=Melo |first7=F. L. |title=The complete genome of the tospovirus Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus |journal=Virology Journal |date=7 July 2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=123 |doi=10.1186/s12985-016-0577-4|pmid=27388209 |pmc=4936248 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ambisense means that some of the genes on the RNA strand are negative sense and others are positive sense. The ambisense S segment codes for the viral [[nucleoprotein]] (N) in the negative sense and a [[Bunyaviridae nonstructural S proteins|nonstructural protein]] (NSs) in the positive sense. The ambisense M segment codes for [[glycoprotein]] (GP) in the negative sense and a nonstructural protein (NSm) in the positive sense.<ref name="tospovirus" />

The total genome size ranges from 10.5 to 22.7 [[kilo base pair|kbp]].<ref name="ICTVdb">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.011.htm |publisher=ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4 |title=00.011. ''Bunyaviridae'' |year=2006 |access-date=2009-01-01}}</ref>

=== Life cycle ===
[[File:ONSR.Nairo.Fig3.v2 WEB.png|thumb|Nairovirus life cycle]]
The ambisense genome requires two rounds of transcription to be carried out. First, the negative-sense RNA is transcribed to produce mRNA and a full-length replicative intermediate. From this intermediate, a subgenomic mRNA encoding the small segment nonstructural protein is produced while the polymerase produced following the first round of transcription can now replicate the full-length RNA to produce viral genomes.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

Bunyaviruses replicate in the [[cytoplasm]], while the viral proteins transit through the [[endoplasmic reticulum|ER]] and [[Golgi apparatus]]. Mature virions bud from the Golgi apparatus into vesicles which are transported to the cell surface.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

=== Transmission ===
Bunyaviruses infect [[arthropod]]s, [[plant]]s, [[protozoa]]ns, and [[vertebrate]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Plants can host bunyaviruses from the families ''Tospoviridae'' and ''Fimoviridae'' (e.g. tomato, pigeonpea, melon, wheat, raspberry, redbud, and rose). Members of some families are insect-specific, for example the phasmavirids, first isolated from [[Chaoboridae|phantom midges]],<ref name="Ballinger2014">{{cite journal|last1=Ballinger|first1=MJ|last2=Bruenn|first2=JA|last3=Hay|first3=J|last4=Czechowski|first4=D|last5=Taylor|first5=DJ|year=2014|title=Discovery and evolution of bunyavirids in arctic phantom midges and ancient bunyavirid-like sequences in insect genomes|journal=J Virol|volume=88|issue=16|pages=8783–94|doi=10.1128/JVI.00531-14|pmc=4136290|pmid=24850747}}</ref> and since identified in diverse insects including [[Lepidoptera|moths]], [[Apoidea|wasps and bees]], and other [[Diptera|true flies]].