Editing Burn (section)

==History==
[[Image:Guillaume Dupuytren.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835), who developed the degree classification of burns]]

Cave paintings from more than 3,500&nbsp;years ago document burns and their management.<ref name=TBCChp1/> The earliest Egyptian records on treating burns describes dressings prepared with milk from mothers of baby boys,<ref name="Pećanac-">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pećanac M, Janjić Z, Komarcević A, Pajić M, Dobanovacki D, Misković SS | title = Burns treatment in ancient times | journal = Medicinski Pregled | volume = 66 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 263–7 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23888738 | doi = 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00603-5 }}</ref> and the 1500&nbsp;BCE [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]] describes treatments using honey and the [[salve]] of resin.<ref name=TBCChp1/> Many other treatments have been used over the ages, including the use of tea leaves by the Chinese documented to 600 BCE, pig fat and vinegar by [[Hippocrates]] documented to 400&nbsp;BCE, and wine and [[myrrh]] by [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Celsus]] documented to the 1st&nbsp;century CE.<ref name=TBCChp1/> French barber-surgeon [[Ambroise Paré]] was the first to describe different degrees of burns in the 1500s.<ref name=David2012>{{cite book|last=Song|first=David|title=Plastic surgery|publisher=Saunders|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-1-4557-1055-3|page=393.e1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMDwwF8vsSEC&pg=PA393-IA3|edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502014656/https://books.google.com/books?id=qMDwwF8vsSEC&pg=PA393-IA3|archive-date=2 May 2016|date=5 September 2012}}</ref> [[Guillaume Dupuytren]] expanded these degrees into six different severities in 1832.<ref name=TBCChp1/><ref>{{cite book|last=Wylock|first=Paul|title=The life and times of Guillaume Dupuytren, 1777–1835|year=2010|publisher=Brussels University Press|location=Brussels|isbn=978-90-5487-572-7|page=60|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWrznUOS1agC&pg=PA60|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516062656/https://books.google.com/books?id=OWrznUOS1agC&pg=PA60|archive-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>

The first hospital to treat burns opened in 1843 in London, England, and the development of modern burn care began in the late 1800s and early 1900s.<ref name=TBCChp1/><ref name=David2012/> During World War I, [[Henry Drysdale Dakin|Henry D. Dakin]] and [[Alexis Carrel]] developed standards for the cleaning and disinfecting of burns and wounds using [[sodium hypochlorite]] solutions, which significantly reduced mortality.<ref name=TBCChp1/> In the 1940s, the importance of early excision and skin grafting was acknowledged, and around the same time, fluid resuscitation and formulas to guide it were developed.<ref name=TBCChp1/> In the 1970s, researchers demonstrated the significance of the hypermetabolic state that follows large burns.<ref name=TBCChp1/>

The "Evans formula", described in 1952, was the first burn [[resuscitation]] formula based on body weight and surface area (BSA) damaged. The first 24 hours of treatment entails 1ml/kg/% BSA of crystalloids plus 1 ml/kg/% BSA colloids plus 2000ml glucose in water, and in the next 24 hours, crystalloids at 0.5 ml/kg/% BSA, colloids at 0.5 ml/kg/% BSA, and the same amount of glucose in water.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Evans Formula Revisited| journal=Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery| volume=12| issue=6| pages=453–8| date=June 1972| last1=Hutcher| first1=Neil| last2=Haynes| first2=B. W. Jr| doi=10.1097/00005373-197206000-00001| pmid=5033490}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Regan |first1=Abby |last2=Hotwagner |first2=David T. |title=Burn Fluid Management |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534227/#:~:text=The%20Evans%20formula%20was%20developed,2000%20ml%20glucose%20in%20water. |website=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |access-date=31 October 2023 |date=2023|pmid=30480960 }}</ref>