Editing Byblos (section)

== Etymology ==
{{hiero|kbnj<ref name = Gauthier197/>|<hiero>R5:N35-Z4:N25</hiero>|era=1ip|align=left}}
{{hiero|kbn<ref name= Gauthier197>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5 |date=1928 |pages=197–198 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928/page/n101}}</ref><ref name = Budge1047>{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1047 1047] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft}}</ref>|<hiero>V31*D58-N35:N25</hiero>|era=mk|align=left}}
The name appears as ''Kebny'' in [[ancient Egyptian language|Egyptian]] [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphic]] records going back to the [[Dynasty IV|4th-dynasty]] [[pharaoh]] [[Sneferu]] ({{fl.|2600}}{{nbsp}}BC)<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Toby |title=The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt |year=2011 |publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks Books |location=New York, NY |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P07rgiJjsk4C |isbn=978-0553384901 |page=66}}</ref> and as {{lang|akk-Latn|Gubla}} ({{lang|akk|𒁺𒆷}}) in the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] [[cuneiform]] [[Amarna letters]] to the [[XVIII Dynasty|18th-dynasty]] pharaohs {{nowrap|[[Amenhotep III]]}} and [[Amenhotep IV|IV]]. In the 1st{{nbsp}}millennium{{nbsp}}BC, its name appeared in [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] and [[Punic language|Punic]] inscriptions as {{lang|phn-Latn|Gebal}} ({{lang|phn|𐤂𐤁𐤋}}, {{sc|gbl}});{{sfnp|Head, ''et al''.|1911|p=791}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Huss |first=Werner |title=Geschichte der Karthager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=Munich |date=1985 |isbn=9783406306549 |language=de |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC&pg=PA561 561]}}.</ref> in the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] [[Bible]] as ''Geval'' ({{lang|he|גבל}});<ref>[[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] 27:9.</ref> and in [[Classical Syriac language|Syriac]] as {{sc|gbl}} ({{lang|syc|ܓܒܠ}}). [[Onomasticon (Eusebius)|Eusebius' ''Onomasticon'']] stated that Byblos was called "Gobel / Gebal" in Hebrew.<ref name="de Césarée 1659 p. 184">{{cite book |last=de Césarée |first=E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h45FkDkhsYC&pg=PA70 |title=Eusebii pamphili caesareae palestinae episcopi Liber de locis hebraicis: Sive onomasticon urbium et locorum Sacrae Scripturae. Nunc primùm Graecè editum, cum Latina versione Sancti Hieronymi. Et variis Additamentis R. P. Jacobi Bonfrerii Soc. Iesu. Unà cum Commentariis ejusdem in Josue, Judices, & Ruth |publisher=apud Sebastianum Cramoisy Regis & Reginae Architypographum |year=1659 |page=70 |language=la}}</ref> The name seems to derive from {{sc|gb}} ({{lang|phn|𐤂𐤁}}, "[[water well|well]]") and {{sc|ʾl}} ({{lang|phn|𐤀𐤋}}, "[[deity|god]]"), the latter a word that could variously refer to [[Canaanite mythology|any of the Canaanite gods]] or to [[El (deity)|their leader in particular]]. The name thus seems to have meant the "Well of the God" or "Source of the God".{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Its present [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name {{lang|ar-Latn|Jubayl}} ({{lang|ar|جبيل}}) or ''J''(''e'')''beil'' is a direct descendant of these earlier names, although apparently modified by a misunderstanding of the name as the [[triliteral root]] {{sc|gbl}} or {{sc|jbl}}, meaning "[[mountain]]". {{citation needed span|When the Arabic form of the name is used, it is typically rendered ''Jbeil'', ''Jbail'', or ''Jbayl'' in English.|date=February 2022}} All of these, along with Byblos, are etymologically related. During the [[Crusades]], this name appeared in Western records as ''Gibelet'' or {{lang|fro|Giblet}}. This name was used for [[Byblos Castle]] and [[Lord of Gibelet|its associated lordship]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The Phoenician City, known to the Greeks as {{lang|grc-Latn|Býblos}} ({{lang|grc|Βύβλος}}) and to the Romans as {{lang|la|Byblus}}, was important for their import of [[papyrus]] out of [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://phoenicia.org/byblosmart.html |title=Byblos Mart -- Bookworms Corner}}</ref> – to the extent that "''Byblos''" came to mean "papyrus" in Greek. The [[English language|English]] word "''[[Bible]]''", therefore, ultimately derives from the Greek name of the city, ''Βύβλος'' ('Βύblos / Byblos')'','' a Greek mumbo-jumble of גְּבָל ('Gāḇal / Gə<u>b</u>al Gobâl'..., that is, 'Gebal' or 'Jebel'), which shares the same root as גְּבוּל ('Gəḇūl / Gā<u>b</u>ūl, that is 'Gebul' or 'Jabul'), as they're derivatives of ג־ב־ל ('g-ḇ-l' / 'g-<u>b</u>-l' / 'g-v-l'), which means 'twist as a rope', '(be a, set) border' or 'bound(aria)', which tells us that it is a North Boundary of Canaan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brake |first=Donald L. |title=A visual history of the English Bible: the tumultuous tale of the world's bestselling book |year=2008 |publisher=Baker Books |location=Grand Rapids, MI |isbn=978-0-8010-1316-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/visualhistoryofe00brak/page/29 29] |url=https://archive.org/details/visualhistoryofe00brak/page/29}}</ref><ref name="Eberhart2013">{{cite book |first=George M. |last=Eberhart |title=The Whole Library Handbook 5: Current Data, Professional Advice, and Curiosa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuacAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |year=2013 |publisher=American Library Association |isbn=978-0-8389-1090-0 |page=198}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Beekes |first=R. S. P. |author-link=R. S. P. Beekes |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek |year=2009 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden and Boston |pages=246–7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Hebrew: 1380. גְּבַל (Gebal) -- a city in Phoenicia |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1380.htm |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=biblehub.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Hebrew: 1366. גְּבוּל (gebul) -- border, boundary, territory |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1366.htm |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=biblehub.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Hebrew: 1379. גָּבַל (gabal) -- to bound, border |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1379.htm |access-date= |website=biblehub.com}}</ref>