Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
C-Group culture
(section)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
==Overview== While today A-Group and B-Group are seen as being a continuation of the same group, C-Group is considered as the product of distinct Saharan pastoralists.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUTYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|title=Ancient Nubia|last=Shinnie|date=2013-10-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136164651|pages=55|language=en}}</ref> The C-Group is marked by its distinctive pottery, and for its tombs.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jF2jq5JrkS4C&pg=PA100|title=Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia|last=Lobban|first=Richard A. Jr.|date=2003-12-09|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810865785|pages=100|language=en}}</ref> Early C-Group tombs consisted of a simple "[[stone circle]]" with the body buried in a depression in the centre. The tombs later became more elaborate with the bodies being placed in a stone lined chamber, and then the addition of an extra chamber on the east for offerings.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZMrAQAAIAAJ|title=The Sudan in pre-history and history: a handbook for students|last=Wharton|first=William M.|date=1960|publisher=St. Joseph's Press|pages=24|language=en}}</ref> The origins of the C-Group are still debated. Some scholars see it largely as having evolved from the A/B-Group. Others think it more likely that the C-Group was brought by invaders or migrants that mingled with the local culture, with the C-Group perhaps originating in the then rapidly drying [[Sahara]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWSGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA185|title=Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt|editor-last=Bard|editor-first=Kathryn A.|editor-link=Kathryn A. Bard |date=2005-11-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134665259|pages=185|language=en}}</ref> The C-Group were farmers and semi-nomadic herders keeping large numbers of cattle in an area that is today too arid for such herding. Originally they were believed to be a peaceful people due to the lack of weapons in tombs; however, daggers, short swords and battle-axes were found in C-Group graves.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gB6DcMU94GUC&pg=PA253|title=Ancient Civilizations of Africa|last=Africa|first=Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of|date=1981|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780435948054|pages=253|language=en}}</ref> Their settling around the forts built by the ancient Egyptians was seen as further evidence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irbP2hHqDAwC&pg=PA95|title=Between Two Worlds: The Frontier Region Between Ancient Nubia and Egypt, 3700 BC-AD 500|last=Török|first=László|date=2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004171978|pages=95|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pottery of the C-Group people, 2300-1600 BCE, Faras, British Museum EA51244.jpg|thumb|Pottery of the C-Group people, 2300-1600 BCE, [[Faras]].]] Most of what is known about the C-Group peoples comes from [[Lower Nubia]] and the [[Dongola Reach]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3z-yDRgxn5MC&pg=PA77|title=The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan|last=Edwards|first=David N.|date=2004-07-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134200870|pages=77|language=en}}</ref> The northern border of the C-Group was around [[el-Kubanieh]] near [[Aswan]]. The southern border is still uncertain, but C-Group sites have been found as far south as [[Eritrea]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wd_WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT77|title=Ancient Nubia|last=Shinnie|date=2013-10-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136164736|pages=77|language=en}}</ref> During the Egyptian [[Sixth Dynasty]], Lower Nubia is described as consisting of a number of small states, three of which are named: Setju, Wawat, and Irjet.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkMOOcSiW5kC&pg=PA405|title=The Egyptian World|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Toby|last2=Wilkinson|first2=Professor of Egyptology and Deputy Vice Chancellor Toby|date=2013-05-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136753770|pages=405|language=en}}</ref> At this same time in [[Upper Nubia]] the [[Kingdom of Kerma]] was emerging. The exact relation between the C-Group and Kerma is uncertain, but early Kerma shows definite similarities to the C-Group culture and the [[Pan-Grave culture]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWSGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA405|title=Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt|last=Bard|first=Kathryn A.|date=2005-11-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134665259|pages=405|language=en}}</ref> Under the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] much of the C-Group lands in Lower Nubia were conquered by Egypt; after the Egyptians left, Kerma expanded north controlling the region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfExR8UvaAsC&pg=PA53|title=Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period|last=Ben-Tor|first=Daphna|date=2007|publisher=Saint-Paul|isbn=9783727815935|pages=53|language=en}}</ref> Starting with the conquest of Nubia by Egypt under [[Tuthmosis I]] in the late 16th century BCE, the C-Group merged with the Egyptians.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOvRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT380|title=A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean|last=McInerney|first=Jeremy|date=2014-06-13|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118834381|pages=380|language=en}}</ref>
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)