Editing C. G. Conn (section)

==History==

===Company origins===
[[Charles G. Conn]] was a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] veteran of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] who, after the war, established a grocery and baking business in [[Elkhart, Indiana]]. He also played [[cornet]] in the local community band. Conn's entrance into the musical instrument manufacturing business was the result of a split lip. There are three existing stories of how this occurred, but the popularly accepted version is that Del Crampton slugged him in the mouth outside a saloon where both of them had been drinking. Conn's upper lip was severely lacerated, and it pained him so to play his cornet that he thought his playing days were over. In addition to running his store, Conn also made rubber stamps and re-plated silverware. He decided to try adhering rubber stamp material to the rim of a mouthpiece which he hoped would conform to his lips. After he showed his friends his idea, he realized that there was tremendous demand for his invention. Conn then began to contemplate manufacturing his new mouthpiece. He needed a rim with a groove which the rubber cement would adhere to more easily. It was in 1874 when Conn converted a discarded sewing machine frame into a simple lathe and started to turn out his mouthpieces and was soon in full production (Subsequently, Conn and Del Crampton became best of friends, and when Conn embarked on his political career, he was a staunch advocate of [[Temperance movement|temperance]]). Conn patented his rubber-rimmed mouthpiece in 1875 (with patents to follow through 1877) described as "an elastic face [i.e., a rubber rim] where the mouthpiece comes in contact with the lips, the object being to prevent fatigue and injury to the lips."

===Growth of Conn's musical instrument business===
Conn met Eugene Victor Baptiste Dupont, a brass instrument maker and designer and a former employee of [[Distin|Henry Distin]] of London. In January 1876, Conn joined with Dupont under the name of Conn & Dupont, and Dupont created Conn's first instrument, the Four-in-One cornet, with crooks allowing the horn to be played in the keys of E♭, C, B♭, and A. By 1877, Conn's business had outgrown the back of his grocery store, and he purchased an idle factory building on the corner of Elkhart Avenue and East Jackson. Conn's partnership with Dupont was dissolved by March 1879, but he was successful in attracting skilled craftsmen from Europe to his factory, and in this manner he expanded his operation so that by 1905, Conn had the world's largest musical instrument factory producing a full line of wind instruments, strings, percussion, and a portable organ. Conn partnered with Albert T. Armstrong, Joseph Jones, and Emory Foster to manufacture a twin-horn disc phonograph called the 'Double-Bell Wonder' that was produced in two iterations briefly in early 1898 before a lawsuit by the Berliner Gramophone Company caused production to cease. Brick-red 'Wonder' records were also pressed for the 'Double-Bell Wonder' talking machine by the Scranton Button Works from pirated Berliner masters. Fewer than fifty 'Double-Bell Wonders' were produced of both iterations combined.

Conn's first factory was destroyed by fire on January 29, 1883 (his thirty-ninth birthday), and he erected a new building on the same site. In 1886 rumors began to circulate that Conn wanted to move his business to [[Massachusetts]]. Conn was induced to stay after the public raised a large sum of money by popular subscription and gave it to him. In 1887 Conn purchased Isaac Fiske's brass instrument manufactory in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] upon Fiske's retirement. Fiske's operation was considered to be the best in its time. Conn operated it as a company subsidiary, and in this way he achieved his objectives. The company's product line now centered on the 'Wonder' cornet, but in 1885 Conn began importing French clarinets and flutes. Conn started production of the first American-made [[saxophone]] in 1888, after being shown an Adolphe Sax saxophone by his employee Ferdinand August Buescher and agreeing to produce a copy of it. That instrument belonged to [[Edward A. Lefebre]], a well known soloist with both [[Patrick Gilmore]]'s and [[John Philip Sousa]]'s bands. After working on prototypes with advice from Lefebre, Conn settled on production models of saxophones and started regular production around 1892.<ref>Noyes, p. 123</ref> Conn's instruments were endorsed by several leading band directors, including Sousa. In 1898, upon the suggestion of Sousa, Conn developed the first commercially successful bell-up [[sousaphone]] ("the rain-catcher"). Conn phased out the Worcester operation (production was ceased in 1898), and Conn established a store in New York City (1897–1902) that sold a large variety of merchandise under the 'Wonder' label, including Conn-made woodwind, brass and percussion instruments, violins, mandolins and portable reed organs. The business also distributed American-made and imported guitars, banjos and zithers.

Conn's marketing included not only sales of instruments but promotion of brass bands. He founded the Conn Conservatory to train the brass instrument teachers who would be a vital component in the growth of the musical instrument industry. During the 1890s E.A. Lefebre started teaching saxophone at the Conservatory, which provided a boost to the availability of saxophone instruction and the following growth of saxophone sales into the twentieth century.

Conn's company was a source of competitors as well as instruments. Notable employees who left the firm to pursue their own businesses were composer [[W. Paris Chambers]], the founder of the [[Seidel Band Instrument Company]] William F. Seidel, the founder of the [[Buescher Band Instrument Company]] Ferdinand A. Buescher, the founder of the [[F.E. Olds]] Company Frank E. Olds, and the founder of the [[Martin Band Instrument Company]] Henry Charles Martin.

Conn's second factory burned on 22 May 1910, a loss estimated between $100,000 and $500,000. Conn was en route from [[California]] to Elkhart when his factory burned, and upon arriving home he was met with a public demonstration, a way of showing popular sympathy. Conn then announced his intentions to build a third factory on the corner of East Beardsley and Conn Avenues. Construction began 15 August 1910, and by the following 12 December it was fully operational.

===Conn's other enterprises===
Conn's career grew well beyond the realm of musical instrument manufacturing. In 1892 he was elected to the [[United States Congress]], in 1908 he ran for [[Governor of Indiana]] and lost, and in 1910 he ran for [[United States Senate|Senator]]. In 1889, Conn founded the ''[[The Elkhart Truth|Elkhart Daily Truth]]'', published the monthly ''Trumpet Notes'' and a scandal sheet called ''The Gossip'', and purchased ''[[The Washington Times]]'', which he later sold. After a failed entry into the utilities business, the building of his third factory (and its loss to fire), and his loss of a costly lawsuit filed against him by a former company manager, Conn had amassed significant debts. In 1911, in an effort to bond Conn's debts and secure [[working capital]], Conn and his wife executed a trust deed for $200,000 covering not only the horn factory, but all their possessions, with the longest bond to mature in ten years. Conn's growing debt crisis forced him to seek a buyer for his assets, and in 1915 all of Conn's holdings, including the horn factory, were bought by a group of investors led by Carl Dimond Greenleaf, whom Conn had met during his years in [[Washington, D.C.]]

===Carl D. Greenleaf and C. G. Conn, Ltd., 1915–1949===
Carl Greenleaf was president of Conn from 1915 to 1949. The new company was incorporated with public stock offerings under the name C. G. Conn Ltd. and the Conn trademark was updated to the official name of the new company.<ref name="Reed" /> Greenleaf was an astute businessman, very sensitive to the market trends of the industry. While president, Greenleaf was noting the gradual extinction of the small town brass band, and of the big touring bands such as the Sousa band. To shore up the future market for band instruments, he undertook to promote band programs in schools and colleges. He proceeded to develop a close relationship and communications between the industry and music educators. His collaboration with educators such as [[Joseph E. Maddy]] and T.P. Giddings helped introduce band music into public schools. Greenleaf organized the first national band contest in 1923 and helped make possible the founding of the [[National Music Camp]] at [[Interlochen, Michigan]]. In 1928 he founded a Conn National School of Music which trained hundreds of school band directors, and this in turn helped spur the development of music programs in schools and communities across the United States.

Under Greenleaf's leadership the company converted distribution from mail-order to retail dealers and expanded its product line through acquisitions. C. G. Conn founded the Continental Music retail subsidiary in 1923 which, at the height of its success, included a chain of over 30 music stores. During the 1920s C. G. Conn owned the [[Elkhart Band Instrument Company]] (1923–27), the Leedy Company (1929–55), a manufacturer of percussion, and 49.9% of the stock of the retailer [[Selmer Company|H. & A. Selmer]] (1923–27).  Conn purchased the drum manufacturer [[Ludwig Drums|Ludwig and Ludwig]], the instrument import/retail operation of the [[Carl Fischer Music|Carl Fischer]] company, and [[accordion]] manufacturer Soprani in 1929.  From 1940 to 1950 the company owned the Haddorff Piano Company, and from 1941 to 1942 the [[Straube Piano Company]].

Greenleaf expanded and upgraded C. G. Conn's plant to increase production and developed new lines of wind instruments to sell.  By 1917, using a new hydraulic expansion process which Greenleaf introduced to the plant, the assembly-line work force had increased to 550 employees who were turning out about 2500 instruments a month. In 1917 C. G. Conn introduced the ''Pan American'' brand for its second-line instruments, forming the [[Pan American Band Instrument Company]] subsidiary in 1919 and moving production of second-line instruments to the old Angledile Scale factory, which had been transferred to the new company among Conn's other assets, later that year. In 1930 the Pan American company was absorbed by C. G. Conn, with C. G. Conn retaining and utilizing the Pan American brand for its second-line instruments until 1955.

By 1920 C. G. Conn was producing a complete line of saxophones. In this area they had stiff competition from other big saxophone makers such as [[Buescher Band Instrument Company|Buescher]] and [[Martin Band Instrument Company|Martin]]. Around 1917 C.G. Conn introduced drawn tone holes (after a patent by W.S. Haynes in 1914) eliminating the necessity of soft-soldering tone hole platforms onto the bodies of the instruments. Around 1920 C. G. Conn introduced [[#Conn Res-o-Pads|rolled tone hole rims]], a feature that enhanced the seal of the pads and extended pad life. Rolled tone holes remained a feature of Conn saxophones until 1947. By the late 1920s the success of Conn's latest "New Wonder" model saxophones with dance orchestras was gaining widespread attention, leading European manufacturers to produce horns closer to the deeper, richer, bolder "American" sound. [[Henri Selmer Paris|Selmer (Paris)]] introduced the American-sounding "New Largebore" model in 1929 and the new [[Julius Keilwerth|Julius Keilwerth Company]] in Czechoslovakia produced saxophones influenced by the C. G. Conn design, including rolled tone holes and [[#The Conn Microtuner|microtuners]]. As sax sales plateaued in 1928, Conn attempted to introduce a [[mezzo-soprano saxophone]] in the key of F and the "[[Saxophone#Unusual variants|Conn-o-sax]]", a saxophone-English horn hybrid, but these instruments were soon discontinued after disappointing sales.

In 1928, under the direction of Carl Greenleaf's son Leland Burleigh Greenleaf, C. G. Conn opened its Experimental Laboratory, which was unique in the industry. Under Leland Greenleaf's directorship, the department developed the first short-action piston valves (1934), and the 'Stroboconn' (1936), the first [[Electronic tuner|electronic visual tuning device]]. It also developed the "Vocabell" (1932), a bell with no rim, which C. G. Conn described as "vibrat[ing] freely and in sympathy with the vibrating column of air in the instrument,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cderksen.home.xs4all.nl/Conn44H1941image.html|title = Conn Loyalist – Conn 44H Connqueror}}</ref> C. G. Conn also developed the "Coprion" bell (1934), a seamless copper bell formed by directly electroplating it onto a mandrel. Under Greenleaf's saxophone specialists Allen Loomis and Hugh Loney, C. G. Conn's research and development resulted in the designs of the 6M alto (1931), 10M tenor (1934), and 12M baritone (1930). The 12M baritone was the first saxophone with both bell keys on the right side, followed by the [[King Musical Instruments|King]] Voll-True II (1932) and Selmer Balanced Action (1936). The 6M alto featured an innovative double socket neck that eliminated the large collar on the body tube at the neck joint for a more positive seal and even response, later adopted for King altos and tenors. From 1935 through 1943, C. G. Conn produced the 26M and 30M "Connqueror" alto and tenor saxophones, featuring screw-adjustable keywork and improved mechanisms for the left hand cluster. The keywork was the most fully adjustable of any saxophone during that period. C. G. Conn's laboratory was expanded into the Division of Research, Development and Design in 1940, directed by Earle Kent. C. G. Conn's combined abilities in close-tolerance manufacturing and electronic devices made them a valuable resource for wartime production.

From mid-1942 to 1945, C. G. Conn ceased all production of musical instruments for civilian use to manufacture flat & mounted compasses, altimeters, gyro-horizon indicators, and other military instrumentation.<ref>"After Five 'E' Awards, New Instruments for You" (advertisement). Music Educators Journal, November–December 1945, 49.</ref> A special application of C. G. Conn's "Coprion" process—creating seamless brass bells by depositing copper on a mandrel—was to manufacture silver bearing inserts for the [[Wright Cyclone]] airplane engines.<ref>"Silver Bearings Unleash More Speed from 5,000 Horsepower" (advertisement). Music Educators Journal, February–March 1944.</ref> In winter 1946–47, production was again interrupted, by  a 15-week labor strike.<ref name="Reed">Reed, Charles Vandeveer. "A History of Band Instrument Manufacturing in Elkhart, Indiana." Master's Thesis, Butler University, 1953.</ref>  The loss in sales from those disruptions and increased competition from other manufacturers such as [[Selmer Paris|Selmer (Paris)]] and [[H. N. White|King (H. N. White)]] caused a serious decline in C. G. Conn's status as a major band instrument manufacturer. The company first responded by expanding their lines of electronic musical products, developing the "Connsonata" [[electronic organ]] in 1946. They later introduced the "Connstellation" model wind instruments to revitalize those product lines (28M alto saxophone with help from [[Santy Runyon]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}, 1948, and brass instruments, mid-1950s). The Connstellation brasswinds remained a premium line through the 1960s.

===The Paul Gazlay – Lee Greenleaf era, 1949–1969===
[[File:Some_like_it_hot_film_poster.jpg|thumb|[[Tony Curtis]] with a Conn 16M tenor in the movie ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'' (1959)]]
Carl Greenleaf retired in 1949 but remained a member of the C. G. Conn board of directors until his death in 1959. He was succeeded by Paul Gazlay.  In 1958, Lee Greenleaf succeeded Gazlay as company President. C. G. Conn briefly returned to the manufacture of military instrumentation during the Korean War, while continuing production of musical instruments. Priorities changed under Gazlay, with the high-quality wind instruments on which the company had built its reputation becoming an increasingly marginal interest. The 28M saxophone was discontinued after 1952 and cost-cutting measures were incorporated into the manufacturing process and designs of Conn's 6M, 10M, and 12M "Artist" series saxophones. C. G. Conn shifted their emphasis to the expanding market for school band instruments and to diversifying their instrument lines. In 1956, C. G. Conn [[sponsored film|sponsored]] a film to promote school bands entitled ''[[Mr. B Natural]]''. To diversify their product line, C. G. Conn acquired as subsidiaries the New Berlin Instrument Company (1954) of [[Chenango County, New York|New Berlin, New York]] which produced clarinets, oboes and bassoons for Conn, the Artley Company (1959), a manufacturer of flutes and clarinets, the Janssen Piano Company (1964), and the Scherl & Roth Company (1964), a manufacturer of stringed instruments. C.G. Conn divested itself of Leedy and Ludwig in 1955, Carl Fischer retail in 1959, and New Berlin Instrument in 1961. By 1958, over half of C.G. Conn's sales revenue was from their electric organs. In 1959 C. G. Conn built a new organ factory in Madison, Indiana. The Janssen Piano assets were merged with C. G. Conn's organ division to form '''Conn Keyboards''' in 1964.

In 1960, C. G. Conn acquired the Art Best Manufacturing Company (Coin Art) facility that manufactured saxophones in Nogales, Arizona. They continued manufacturing saxophones of the [[Leblanc (musical instrument manufacturer)|Vito]] design that were produced there, marketed as the Conn 50M and 60M alto and tenor saxophones, then moved the production of their 14M and 16M student alto and tenor saxophones to the facility in 1963. Production of other wind instruments remained in Elkhart.

The late 1960s saw trends in the keyboard, wind, and stringed instrument markets that were seriously undermining C. G. Conn's position. The growing popularity of portable electronic keyboards was cutting into C. G. Conn's niche of home organs and pianos. The market for student instruments was becoming increasingly competitive, with newcomers from Japan offering products more efficiently produced, with higher quality standards, and more tailored to students' needs.  Conn saxophones had ceased to be competitive in the professional market during the 1950s due to outdated designs and declining quality. By the late 1960s, their student line instruments were in competitive decline for similar reasons. In an effort to respond to the uprising of electronics Conn tried to also explore market possibilities in these areas and released in 1967 the Conn Multi÷Vider,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conn Multi Vider ocatve effect unit – Conn |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/conn-multi-vider-ocatve-effect-unit-conn/vwHY-vRtDgmamQ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> an electronic device for using on saxophones similar to an [[octaver]]. Even though the device achieved some popularity with Jazz artists, like e.g. [[Tom Scott (saxophonist)|Tom Scott]] using it on some of his early recordings, it didn't stop the decline of the company. By 1969, C. G. Conn, Ltd. was facing insolvency.

===Company from 1969 to 2003===
In 1969 C. G. Conn, Ltd. was sold under bankruptcy to the [[Collier Macmillan|Crowell-Collier MacMillan Company]]. In 1970, the corporate offices were moved to [[Oak Brook, Illinois]], Conn Keyboards was moved to [[Carol Stream, Illinois]] and their piano manufacturing operation sold. The same year, G. C. Conn's Elkhart manufacturing facilities were sold to Selmer (USA) and [[All American Group|Coachmen Industries]]. Brasswind manufacturing moved to Abilene, Texas and woodwind production was moved from Nogales, Arizona to Nogales, Mexico. A precipitous drop in product quality followed those moves, initiated as cost-cutting measures by executives not familiar with instrument production, and destroyed whatever was left of G. C. Conn's reputation in the wind instrument market.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Conn introduced the modernized 7M alto saxophone; it soon acquired the same reputation for poor quality as the other "MexiConns," sold poorly, and was discontinued. In 1970 Conn also started the Conn Guitar Division, operating out of Oak Brook, Illinois, contracting the manufacture of a new line of acoustic guitars to [http://www.tokai-guitars.co.uk/ Tokai Gakki] in Japan. G. C. Conn's acoustic guitar business ended in 1978. In 1979 G. C. Conn tried to enter the highly competitive electric guitar market, introducing a line of some original model electric guitars, and some copies of existing popular brands. (see [http://www.connguitars.org History of Conn Guitars)].

In 1980 the company was sold to Daniel Henkin, who had served the company as an advertising manager during the 1960s. Henkin moved C. G. Conn's corporate offices back to Elkhart and moved to refocus the company on wind instruments. First to go were the failing electric guitar venture, which was discontinued, and Conn Keyboards, sold to [[Kimball International|Kimball]]. Henkin hired ''[[Tonight Show]]'' trumpeter and bandleader [[Doc Severinsen]] as Vice President of Product Development, and introduced the Conn Severinsen<ref>Previous Severinsen trumpets were produced by [[Getzen]]</ref> trumpet and Henkin student clarinet. In 1981 Henkin bought the W.T. Armstrong Company, a manufacturer of flutes and marketer of ''[[Herb Couf|H. Couf]]'' branded saxophones made by the [[Julius Keilwerth]] company of West Germany. After that acquisition, the Keilwerth instruments were also sold as "Conn DJH Modified" models. The company introduced a student line of oboes and bassoons under the ''Artley'' brand in 1983. The same year, Henkin acquired [[King Musical Instruments]] of [[Eastlake, Ohio]] from the defunct [[Seeburg Corporation]]'s creditors.

By 1985 Henkin was seeking a buyer for his companies, first selling the Conn Strobotuner division to Peterson Electro-Musical Products. Peterson continues to service the Conn line of tuners.<ref name="abouthome">{{cite news
|url=http://www.petersontuners.com/index.cfm?category=26
|title=Tuning History
|publisher=Peterson Tuners
|accessdate=2011-05-10}}</ref> The [[Sweden|Swedish]] investment firm [[:sv:Skåne-Gripen|Skåne Gripen]] bought Henkin's other companies and merged them in 1986 to create a new parent corporation, United Musical Instruments (UMI), headquartered in Nogales, Arizona. UMI closed the Conn Brasswind facility in [[Abilene, Texas]] (1986), moving brass instrument production to the King plant in Eastlake. All operations were moved out of Mexico in 1987. Production of ''Artley'' flutes was moved to the W. T. Armstrong facility in Elkhart, and reed instrument production was moved back from Nogales, Mexico to Nogales, Arizona.

In 1990 UMI was sold to Bernhard Muskantor, one of the Skåne Gripen partners. Muskantor, with family roots in the musical instrument business, desired a return of the Conn name to respectability, but its arrangement with Keilwerth had recently fallen apart and the increasingly tough market with new low-cost Asian competitors kept Conn's position marginal.<ref>Bernhard Muskantor on the future of United Musical Instruments,''The Music Trades'', June 1990</ref> In 2000 UMI was purchased by [[Steinway Musical Instruments]], and in January 2003 Steinway merged the UMI assets with their subsidiary The Selmer Company to create the [[Conn-Selmer]] division.