Editing C. P. Scott (section)

==Biography==

===Early years===
He was the fourth son of the businessman [[Russell Scott (merchant)|Russell Scott]] and his wife Isabella Civil Prestwich, born at [[Bath, Somerset]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=35980|first=Trevor|last=Wilson|title=Scott, Charles Prestwich (1846–1932)}}</ref> He was educated at Hove House and Clapham Grammar School.<ref name="chron"/> He matriculated at [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford]] in 1865, taking a first in [[Greats]] and graduating B.A. in 1869.<ref name="chron"/><ref>{{alox2|title=Scott, Charles Prestwich}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Corpus Christi College|url=http://www.ccc.ox.ac.uk/History/|publisher=Corpus Christi College Oxford|access-date=13 November 2010}}</ref>

Scott in 1870 went to [[Edinburgh]] to train on ''[[The Scotsman]]''. While at Oxford, his cousin John Taylor, who ran the London office of ''The Manchester Guardian'', decided that the paper needed an editor based in Manchester and offered Scott the post. Scott already enjoyed a familial connection with the paper; its founder, [[John Edward Taylor]], was his uncle, and at the time of his birth Scott's father, Russell Scott, was the paper's owner, though he later sold it back to Taylor's sons under the terms of Taylor's will. Accepting the offer, Scott joined the paper as their London editor in February 1871 and became its editor on 1 January 1872.

As editor Scott initially maintained ''The Manchester Guardian''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s well-established moderate Liberal line, "to the right of the party, to the right, indeed, of much of its own special reporting".<ref>Ayerst (1971)</ref> However, when in 1886 the [[British Whig Party|whigs]] led by [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|Lord Hartington]] and a few [[Radicals (UK)|radicals]] led by [[Joseph Chamberlain]], split the party, formed the [[Liberal Unionist Party]] and gave their backing to the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], Scott's ''Manchester Guardian'' swung to the left and helped [[William Ewart Gladstone|Gladstone]] lead the party towards support for Irish [[Home Rule]] and ultimately the "[[Social liberalism#New Liberals|new liberalism]]"{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}.

===Parliamentary career===
[[File:C.P._Scott.jpg|thumb|right|C. P. Scott c. 1895]] 
[[File:CPScott portrait.jpg|thumb|right|Bust of Scott in the offices of ''The Guardian'', London]]
In 1886, Scott fought his first general election as a Liberal candidate, an unsuccessful attempt in the [[Manchester North East (UK Parliament constituency)|Manchester North East]] constituency; he stood again for the same seat in 1891 and 1892.<ref>{{cite web|last=Moore|first=James|title=Manchester Liberalism and the Unionist Secession 1886–95|url=http://www.mcrh.mmu.ac.uk/pubs/pdf/mrhr_15_moore.pdf|publisher=Manchester Centre for Regional History|access-date=13 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718072237/http://www.mcrh.mmu.ac.uk/pubs/pdf/mrhr_15_moore.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> He was elected at the [[1895 United Kingdom general election|1895 election]] as MP for [[Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)|Leigh]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Authors, Novelists, Writers & Poets|url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/authors2.html|publisher=Writers and novelists of Greater Manchester|access-date=13 November 2010|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211043406/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/authors2.html|archive-date=11 December 2010}}</ref> and thereafter spent long periods away in London during the parliamentary session. His combined position as a Liberal [[backbencher]], the editor of an important Liberal newspaper, and the president of the Manchester Liberal Federation made him an influential figure in Liberal circles, albeit in the middle of a long period of opposition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Brendan|title=Manchester liberalism and the 1918 general election|url=http://www.mcrh.mmu.ac.uk/pubs/pdf/mrhr_13_jones.pdf|access-date=13 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718072324/http://www.mcrh.mmu.ac.uk/pubs/pdf/mrhr_13_jones.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> He was re-elected at the [[1900 United Kingdom general election|1900 election]] despite the unpopular stand against the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]] that the ''Guardian'' had taken,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hampton|first=Mark|title=The press, patriotism, and public discussion: CP Scott, The Manchester Guardian and the Boer War, 1899–1902|journal=The Historical Journal|year=2001|volume=44|issue=1|pages=177–197|jstor=3133666|doi=10.1017/s0018246x01001479|s2cid=159550361}}</ref> but retired from Parliament at the time of the Liberal [[landslide victory]] in [[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906]], when he was occupied with the difficult process of becoming owner of the newspaper he edited.

===Taking ownership of ''The Manchester Guardian''===
In 1905, ''The Manchester Guardian''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> owner, Edward Taylor, died. His will provided that the trustees of his estate should give Scott first refusal on the copyright of the ''Manchester Guardian'' at £10,000, and recommended that they should offer him the offices and printing works of the paper on "moderate and reasonable terms". However, they were not required to sell it at all, and could continue to run the paper themselves "on the same lines and in the same spirit as heretofore". Furthermore, one of the trustees was a nephew of Taylor and would financially benefit from forcing up the price at which Scott could buy the paper, and another was ''The Manchester Guardian''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s manager, but faced losing his job if Scott took control. Scott was therefore forced to dig deep to buy the paper: he paid a total of £240,000, taking large loans from his sisters and from Taylor's widow (who had been his chief supporter among the trustees) to do so. Taylor's other paper, the ''[[Manchester Evening News]]'', was inherited by his nephews in the Allen family. Scott made an agreement to buy the ''MEN'' in 1922 and gained full control of it in 1929.

===His politics and relations with Government===
While in London, he stayed at the central location of [[Nottingham Place]] from where he could gather news intelligence on European developments. Would the government declare war? Scott recorded that the German ambassador had been deceived into believing that Britain would stay outside the conflict. But liberal policy always accentuated one of "continuity" of free radicals at its heart.{{Elucidate|date=November 2016}}<ref>Letter to E. D. Morel, 18 Aug 1914; Wilson (ed.), Scott's ''Diaries'', p. 101</ref> But for Scott the Cabinet remained too reluctant to act, too timid, clearly an indication of his movement towards [[Ramsay MacDonald|MacDonald]] and [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]. They espoused a pacifist position in Britain, which he was warned was "pro-German".<ref>From: Sir Otto Trevelyan, 13 Sep 1914; p. 105</ref> He was a friend of the radical [[Charles Hobhouse]] MP, who was not in the War Cabinet.

Scott turned his paper into a pacifist weapon against entering the war, and he lobbied the cabinet as well. His leaders denounced a "conspiracy to drag us into a war against England's interests", arguing that it would amount to a "crime against Europe" and warning that it would "throw away the accumulated progress of half a century".<ref name="TravisGuardian">Alan Travis, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/02/sp-first-world-war-manchester-guardian-uk-neutrality "First world war: how the Manchester Guardian fought to keep Britain out of conflict: A hundred years ago this weekend, on the eve of war, the newspaper argued passionately in a series of editorials for UK neutrality", ''The Guardian'' Aug. 2, 2014]</ref> On Tuesday, 4 August 1914 – the day the king declared war – [[David Lloyd George]] told Scott, "Up until last Sunday only two members of the Cabinet had been in favour of our intervention in the war but the violation of Belgian territory had completely altered the situation".<ref name="TravisGuardian"/>

Although a lifelong liberal, Scott had a troubled relationship with Lloyd George. Perhaps most instructive of his communicating skills was the introduction he made of [[Chaim Weizmann]] to Lloyd George. He struck up a remarkable friendship with the Jewish émigré, whose intellectual brilliance and business savvy was lately attracting the attention of even the Tory Press and senior ministers. Scott wrote regularly in the ''[[New Statesman]]'' dealing frankly and openly with the [[The Future of Palestine|Samuel Memorandum]]; they would all come together in Downing Street for a top-level summit on the Palestine Question.<ref>{{cite book |authorlink1=Jonathan Schneer |last1=Schneer |first1=Jonathan |title=The Balfour Declaration : the origins of the arab-israeli conflict |year=2012 |publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks |isbn=978-0812976038 |pages=131–137 |edition=Random House trade paperback}}</ref> But Scott also investigated [[Sir Roger Casement]]. His story was linked to [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]]' Dublin builder [[Batt O'Connor]], who more than any Irishman had served to hide Collins's presence from the [[Royal Irish Constabulary|RIC]].<ref>Wilson (ed.), ''Diary'', 15 March 1915; Wilson (ed.), pp.119-121</ref> In Ulster [[Joseph Devlin|Joe Devlin]] warned the Left of the impending violence should they not heed the warnings contained in the newspapers about the coming military occupation. The [[Curragh incident]] had profoundly shocked the establishment in Ireland; on 27 July 1916 Scott would hold just a one-off meeting with [[Nevil Macready|General Macready]], [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Lord Reading]] and Lloyd George in the aftermath of the [[Easter Rising]].<ref>''Diary'' entry; pp. 222–3</ref>

Scott was gregarious and frequently met at the [[Reform Club]] and with his left-wing friends at the [[Bath Club]]. His membership involved serious friendships with other editors, including [[G. Lowes Dickinson]], but his closest political intimate was Irish leader [[John Dillon]]. They shared a socialist ambition for home rule, pacifism, conscriptionism{{clarify|date=June 2023}} and feminism.

===Senior political journalist===
Under his stewardship the ''Guardian'' continued to grow with Lloyd George's influence overseeing its place at the top table. In one such famous interview the new Prime Minister gave his "fight to the finish" speech. Scott was responsible for recruiting the correspondent [[Robert Dell (socialist)|Robert Dell]] whose role in Paris was to communicate on secret negotiations with the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)|Quai D'Orsay]] and ''Bureau Anglais'' in a weekly column called "From Our Correspondent, Paris, Friday". Despite Lloyd George's objection to the reporter's anonymity there remained little chance of compromising their French colleagues in a city already renowned for prostitution. To the contrary, [[Thomas Spring Rice, 3rd Baron Monteagle of Brandon|Thomas Spring Rice]] his friend suggested that it had "a most excellent effect here."<ref>LG to Scott, 23 Oct 1916; Wilson (ed.), p.231</ref> Scott became friendly with [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]], a Liberal, and dined with [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher|Lord Fisher]] but remained essentially anti-Conservative. Nonetheless the War Office acknowledged the utility of civilians as contacts on the ground; Scott's opinion was solicited on anything from the strength of Irish war opinions to whether Churchill should be removed from office.

===Views===
In a 1921 essay marking the ''Manchester Guardian''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s centenary (at which time he had served nearly fifty years as editor), Scott put down his opinions on the role of the newspaper. He argued that the "primary office" of a newspaper is accurate news reporting, saying "comment is free, but facts are sacred". Even editorial comment has its responsibilities: "It is well to be frank; it is even better to be fair". A newspaper should have a "soul of its own", with staff motivated by a "common ideal": although the business side of a newspaper must be competent, if it becomes dominant the paper will face "distressing consequences".

While supporting [[Women's suffrage|female suffrage]], Scott was hostile to militant [[suffragettes]] in his editorials, accusing them of employing 'every engine of misguided fanaticism in order to wreck, if it be in their power, the fair prospects of their cause'<ref>Leader, 18 November 1911</ref> He was just as disturbed by the [[General Strike of 1926]], asking 'Will not the General Strike cease to be counted henceforth as a possible or legitimate weapon of industrial warfare'<ref>Leader, 14 May 1926</ref> Irish rebels were authors of their own destruction, he thought. On the execution of [[Padraig Pearse]] and [[James Connolly]] after the [[Easter Uprising]] in [[Dublin]], he wrote that 'it is a fate which they invoked and of which they probably would not complain'.<ref>4 May 1916, in David Ayerst (1971) ''The Guardian: Biography of a Newspaper''; p. 392</ref>

Scott was a supporter of [[Zionism]].<ref>Bloom, Cecil. "Josiah Wedgwood and Palestine". Jewish Historical Studies, vol. 42, 2009, pp. 147–172. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/29780127. Accessed 29 January 2020.</ref>

===Final years===
Scott remained editor of the ''Manchester Guardian'' until 1 July 1929, at which time he was eighty-three years old and had been editor for exactly fifty-seven and a half years. His successor as editor was his youngest son, [[Edward Taylor Scott|Ted Scott]], though C. P. remained as Governing Director of the company and was at the ''Guardian'' offices most evenings. He died in the early hours of New Year's Day 1932.

===Family===
In 1874, Scott married [[Rachel Scott (women's education reformer)|Rachel Cook]], who had been one of the first undergraduates of the College for Women, [[Hitchin]] (later [[Girton College, Cambridge]]). She died in the midst of the dispute over Taylor's will. Their daughter Madeline married long-time ''Guardian'' contributor [[Charles Edward Montague]]. Scott's eldest son Laurence died in 1908, aged 31, after contracting [[tuberculosis]]. His middle son John became the ''Manchester Guardian''{{'}}s manager and founder of the [[Scott Trust]]. Youngest son Ted, who succeeded his father as editor, drowned in a sailing accident after less than three years in the post. John and Ted Scott jointly inherited the ownership of the Manchester Guardian & Evening News Ltd.; after Ted's death John passed it on to the Scott Trust.

In 1882, having built a new house in [[Darley Dale]] in Derbyshire, [[Sir Joseph Whitworth]] leased [[Chancellors Hotel & Conference Centre|The Firs]] in [[Fallowfield]] in Manchester to his friend C. P. Scott.<ref name="fls">[http://www.ls.manchester.ac.uk/research/facilities/botanicalgrounds/history/ History (Faculty of Life Sciences&nbsp;– The University of Manchester)<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007081910/http://www.ls.manchester.ac.uk/research/facilities/botanicalgrounds/history/ |date=7 October 2006 }}</ref> After Scott's death the house became the property of the [[Victoria University of Manchester|University of Manchester]], and was the Vice-Chancellor's residence until 1991. Scott used to travel into his Cross Street office by bicycle.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Manchester Evening News''; Manchester's Greats. 30 April 1977</ref>

Scott was the grandfather of [[Evelyn Montague]] (1900–1948), the Olympic athlete and journalist depicted in the film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]''. Montague, like his grandfather, wrote for the ''Manchester Guardian'', and became its London editor.