Editing C. V. Raman (section)

==  Early life and education ==

Raman was born in [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India) to [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Iyer]] [[Brahmin]] parents,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deka |first=Mridusmita |date=2020-11-07 |title=CV Raman Birth Anniversary 2020: Interesting Facts About The Nobel Laureate |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/cv-raman-birth-anniversary-2020-interesting-facts-about-nobel-laureate-2321910 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Madhusree |date=2021-11-07 |title=Lesser Known Facts About Sir CV Raman |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/some-lesser-known-facts-about-sir-cv-raman-31762 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=The Logical Indian |language=en}}</ref> Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/cvraman/raman1.htm|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman A Legend of Modern Indian Science|last=Prasar|first=Vigyan|publisher=Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110223127/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/cvraman/raman1.htm|archive-date=10 November 2013|access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref> He was the second of eight siblings.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html|title=CV RAMAN: A Creative Mind Par Excellence|date=8 July 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303132636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His father was a teacher at a local high school, and earned a modest income. He recalled: "I was born with a copper spoon in my mouth. At my birth my father was earning the magnificent salary of ten rupees per month!"<ref name="Jayaraman-1989a">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: A Memoir|date=1989|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|isbn=978-81-85336-24-4|location=Bengaluru|pages=4|oclc=21675106}}</ref> In 1892, his family moved to [[Visakhapatnam]] (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) in [[Andhra Pradesh]] as his father was appointed to the faculty of physics at [[Mrs. A. V. N. College|Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College]].<ref name="Clark-2013">{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=Robin J. H.|date=2013|title=Rayleigh, Ramsay, Rutherford and Raman – their connections with, and contributions to, the discovery of the Raman effect|journal=The Analyst|language=en|volume=138|issue=3|pages=729–734|doi=10.1039/C2AN90124B|pmid=23236600|bibcode=2013Ana...138..729C}}</ref>

Raman was educated at the [[St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School]], [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CV RAMAN: A Creative Mind Par Excellence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2019 |language=en |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303132636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He passed matriculation at age 11 and the [[Intermediate of Arts|First Examination in Arts]] examination (equivalent to today's intermediate examination, [[pre-university course]]) with a scholarship at age 13,<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/remembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary|title=Remembering CV Raman on his death anniversary|website=Udayavani – ಉದಯವಾಣಿ|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101616/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/remembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary|url-status=live}}</ref> securing first position in both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now [[Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education]]) examination.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

In 1902, Raman joined [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) where his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.<ref>[http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm This Month in Physics History February 1928: Raman scattering discovered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523005826/http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm |date=23 May 2013 }} APS News Archives February 2009 vol.18 no.2</ref> In 1904, he obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree from the [[University of Madras]], where he stood first and won the gold medals in physics and English.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> At age 18, while still a graduate student, he published his first scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture" in the British journal ''[[Philosophical Magazine]]'' in 1906.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1906|title=LV. Unsymmetrical diffraction-bands due to a rectangular aperture|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=12|issue=71|pages=494–498|doi=10.1080/14786440609463564|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1666418|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065550/https://zenodo.org/record/1666418|url-status=live}}</ref> He earned an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] degree from the same university with highest distinction in 1907.<ref name="Nobel Laureates">[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 Sir Venkata Raman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227030614/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/|date=27 February 2019}}, Official Nobel prize biography, nobelprize.org</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 February 2020|title=About C V Raman Life, Achievements and Paper Publications.|url=https://therealgems.com/who-is-cv-raman/|location=Indore [M.P.] India.|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215104203/https://therealgems.com/who-is-cv-raman/|url-status=live}}</ref> His second paper published in the same journal that year was on surface tension of liquids.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1907|title=LVIII. The curvature method of determining the surface-tension of liquids|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=14|issue=83|pages=591–596|doi=10.1080/14786440709463720|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2066143|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080939/https://zenodo.org/record/2066143|url-status=live}}</ref> It was alongside [[John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]]'s paper on the sensitivity of ear to sound,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayleigh|first=Lord|date=1907|title=LLX. On the relation of the sensitiveness of the ear to pitch, investigated by a new method|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=14|issue=83|pages=596–604|doi=10.1080/14786440709463721|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2340435|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031082843/https://zenodo.org/record/2340435|url-status=live}}</ref> and from which Lord Rayleigh started to communicate with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b">{{Citation|last1=Mukherji|first1=Purabi|title=Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970)|date=2018|work=History of the Calcutta School of Physical Sciences|pages=21–76|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-0295-4_2|isbn=978-981-13-0294-7|last2=Mukhopadhyay|first2=Atri}}</ref>

Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher [[Rhishard Llewellyn Jones]] insisted he continue research in England. Jones arranged for Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder|last2=Riess|first2=Falk|date=2004|title=The Nobel Laureate Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman FRS and His Contacts with the British Scientific Community in a Social and Political Context|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=58|issue=1|pages=47–64|jstor=4142032|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2003.0224|s2cid=144713213}}</ref> Raman often had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e">{{Cite book |last=Jayaraman |first=Aiyasami |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21675106 |title=Op. cit. |date=1989 |pages=5|oclc=21675106 }}</ref> The inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,<ref name="Clark-2013" /> the incident of which he later recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that I was going to die of [[tuberculosis]]... if I were to go to England."<ref name="SinghR-2002">{{cite journal|author=Singh Rajinder|year=2002|title=C.V. Raman and the Discovery of the Raman Effect|journal=Physics in Perspective|volume=4|issue=4|pages=399–420|bibcode=2002PhP.....4..399S|doi=10.1007/s000160200002|s2cid=121785335}}</ref>