Editing CD-R (section)

==History==
[[File:CD-R.jpg|left|thumb|Assorted CD-Rs]]
Originally named CD [[Write once read many|Write-Once (WO)]], the CD-R specification was first published in 1988{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} by [[Philips]] and [[Sony]] in the [[Rainbow Books|Orange Book]], which consists of several parts that provide details of the CD-WO, CD-MO (Magneto-Optic), and later CD-RW (Re Writable). The latest editions have abandoned the use of the term ''CD-WO'' in favor of ''CD-R'', while ''[[CD-MO]]'' was rarely used. Written CD-Rs and CD-RWs are, in the aspect of low-level encoding and data format, fully compatible with the audio CD (''Red Book'' [[CD-DA]]) and data CD (''Yellow Book'' [[CD-ROM]]) standards. The Yellow Book standard for CD-ROM only specifies a high-level data format and refers to the Red Book for all physical format and low-level code details, such as track pitch, linear bit density, and bitstream encoding. This means they use [[Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation]], [[Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding|CIRC]] error correction, and, for [[CD-ROM]], the third error correction layer defined in the Yellow Book. Properly written CD-R discs on blanks of less than 80 minutes in length are fully compatible with the audio CD and CD-ROM standards in all details including physical specifications. 80-minute CD-R discs marginally violate the Red Book physical format specifications, and longer discs are non-compliant. CD-RW discs have lower reflectivity than CD-R or pressed (non-writable) CDs and for this reason cannot meet the Red Book standard. Some hardware compatible with Red Book CDs may have difficulty reading CD-Rs and, because of their lower reflectivity, especially CD-RWs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wempen|first=Faithe|date=17 April 2001|title=All about CD-R and CD-RW|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/all-about-cd-r-and-cd-rw/|url-status=live|access-date=27 November 2021|website=[[TechRepublic]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803103137/http://www.techrepublic.com:80/article/all-about-cd-r-and-cd-rw/ |archive-date=2013-08-03 }}</ref> To the extent that CD hardware can read extended-length discs or CD-RW discs, it is because that hardware has capability beyond the minimum required by the Red Book and Yellow Book standards (the hardware is more capable than it needs to be to bear the Compact Disc logo).{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

CD-R recording systems available in 1990 were similar to the washing machine-sized Meridian CD Publisher, based on the two-piece rack mount [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] PDS audio recorder costing $35,000,{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} not including the required external [[Error correction code|ECC]] circuitry for data encoding, [[SCSI]] hard drive subsystem, and [[MS-DOS]] control computer.

On July 3, 1991, the first recording of a concert directly to CD was made using a [[Yamaha YPDR 601]]. The concert was performed by [[Claudio Baglioni]] at the Stadio Flaminio in Rome, Italy. At that time, it was generally anticipated that recordable CDs would have a lifetime of no more than 10 years. However, as of July 2020 the CD from this live recording still plays back with no uncorrectable errors.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

In the same year, the first company to successfully & professionally duplicate CD-R media was CDRM Recordable Media. With quality technical media being limited from [[Taiyo Yuden]], Early CD-R Media used Phthalocyanine dye for duplication, which has a light aqua color. By 1992, the cost of typical recorders was down to $10,000–12,000, and in September 1995, [[Hewlett-Packard]] introduced its model 4020i manufactured by Philips, which, at $995, was the first recorder to cost less than $1000.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030202233907/http://www.roxio.com/en/support/cdr/historycdr.html Roxio history of CD-R] from Roxio Newsletter 17 January 2000. Retrieved 19 September 2009</ref> As of the 2010s, devices capable of writing to CD-Rs and other types of writable CDs could be found under $20.

The dye materials developed by [[Taiyo Yuden]] made it possible for CD-R discs to be compatible with Audio CD and CD-ROM discs.

In the United States, there is a market separation between "music" CD-Rs and "data" CD-Rs, the former being notably more expensive than the latter due to industry [[copyright]] arrangements with the [[RIAA]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110129215159/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988955,00.html "A New Spin"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', August 24, 1998</ref> Specifically, the price of every music CD-R includes a mandatory [[Royalty payment|royalty]] disbursed to RIAA members by the disc manufacturer; this grants the disc an "application flag" indicating that the royalty has been paid. Consumer standalone music recorders refuse to burn CD-Rs that are missing this flag. Professional CD recorders are not subject to this restriction and can record music to data discs. The two types of discs are functionally and physically identical other than this, and computer CD burners can record data and/or music to either.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdrfaq.org/faq07.html#S7-17 |title=What's the difference between "data" and "music" blanks? |publisher=Cdrfaq.org |access-date=2011-12-16}}</ref> New music CD-Rs are still being manufactured as of the late 2010s, although demand for them has declined as CD-based music recorders have been supplanted by other devices incorporating the same or similar functionality.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Savage|first=Mark|date=3 January 2019|title=Is this the end of owning music?|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46735093|access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>

Prior to CD-R, [[Tandy Corporation]] had announced a rewritable CD system known as the Tandy High-Density Optical Recording (THOR) system, claiming to offer support for erasable and rewritable discs, made possible by a "secret coating material" on which Tandy had applied for patents,<ref name="electronics19880428_tandy">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/electronics-1988_04_28/page/21/mode/1up | title=Tandy Challenges Thomson In Race To Market Erasable CD Systems | magazine=Electronics | date=28 April 1988 | access-date=18 October 2022 | pages=21 }}</ref> and reportedly based partly on a process developed by Optical Data Inc.,<ref name="radioelectronics198808_tandy"/> with research and development undertaken at Tandy's Magnetic Media Research Center.<ref name="laserdiskprofessional198807_tandy">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_eventdv_1988-07_1_2/page/11/mode/1up | title=Laserdisk News | magazine=Laserdisk Professional | date=July 1988 | access-date=18 October 2022 | pages=11–12 }}</ref> Known also as the Tandy High-Intensity Optical Recording system, THOR-CD media was intended to be playable in existing CD players, being compatible with existing CD audio and CD-ROM equipment, with the discs themselves employing a layer in which the "marks", "bumps" or "pits" readable by a conventional CD player could be established in, and removed from, the medium by a laser operating at a different frequency.<ref name="radioelectronics198808_tandy">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/radio_electronics_1988-08/page/n7/mode/1up | title=News | magazine=Radio Electronics | last1=Lachenbruch | first1=David | date=August 1988 | access-date=18 October 2022 | pages=6 }}</ref> Tandy's announcement was surprising enough to "catch half a dozen industries off guard",<ref name="compute199807_tandy">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/1988-07-compute-magazine/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Tandy Announces Micro Channel Machine, Springs CD Surprise | magazine=Compute! | date=July 1988 | access-date=18 October 2022 | pages=6–8 }}</ref> claiming availability of consumer-level audio and video products below $500 by the end of 1990,<ref name="electronics19880428_tandy"/> and inviting other organisations to license the technology.<ref name="tandy19880421">{{ cite press release | url=https://archive.org/details/Message_of_the_Day_1988-03_OS9_Users_Group_US/page/n20/mode/1up | title=Tandy Corporation Announces Major Breakthrough In Optical Media: Tandy THOR-CDTM, The First CD-Compatible Record & Erase Technology | publisher=Tandy Corporation | date=21 April 1988 | access-date=18 October 2022 }}</ref> The announcement attracted enthusiasm but also skepticism of Tandy's capability to deliver the system,<ref name="laserdiskprofessional198807_tandy"/> with the latter proving to be justified, the technology having been "announced... heavily promoted; then it was delayed, and finally, it just never appeared".<ref name="emediaprofessional199701_dvdrom">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_eventdv_1997-01_10_1/page/27/mode/2up | title=DVD-ROM: Who Needs It, Who Will Use It, and How? | magazine=EMedia Professional | date=January 1997 | access-date=18 October 2022 | last1=Parker | first1=Dana J. | pages=26–28, 30–32, 34–37 }}</ref>