Editing CD player (section)

==History==
[[File:CDP101a.jpg|thumb|[[Sony CDP-101]] from 1982, the first commercially released [[CD]] player for [[consumer]]s]]
[[File:CD player.jpg|thumb|[[Philips CD100]] from 1983, the first commercially released CD player in the USA and Europe]]
American inventor [[James Russell (inventor)|James T. Russell]] is known for inventing the first system to record digital video information on an optical [[transparency and translucency|transparent]] [[foil (metal)|foil]] that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp.<ref>{{US patent|3,501,586}} Analog to digital to optical photographic recording and playback system, March 1970.</ref><ref>{{US patent|3,795,902}} Method and apparatus for synchronizing photographic records of digital information, March 1974.</ref> Russell's patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russell's recording patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2002103322_cdman29.html |author=Brier Dudley |title=Scientist's invention was let go for a song |date=29 November 2004 |access-date=24 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |date=2000 |publisher=Reed College public affairs office |title=Inventor and physicist James Russell '53 will receive Vollum Award at Reed's convocation |access-date=24 July 2014 |url=http://reed.edu/news_center/press_releases/2000-2001/288.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |title=Inventor of the Week - James T. Russell - The Compact Disc |date=December 1999 |publisher=[[MIT]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417162935/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |archive-date=17 April 2003 }}</ref>

The compact disc is not based on Russell's invention; it is an evolution of [[LaserDisc]] technology, where a focused [[laser]] beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by [[Philips]] and [[Sony]] independently in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of the CD|url=http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/projects/cd/|publisher=Philips Research|access-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the ''[[Rainbow Books|Red Book]]'' [[CD-DA]] standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spin.com/1985/05/compact-discs-sound-of-the-future/|title=Compact Discs: Sound of the Future|first=Edward|last=Rasen|work=Spin|date=May 1985 |access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref> The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/_Tx6TYnPat8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20151123170700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8|title=Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982)|date=10 June 2015|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=9 January 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The [[Sony CDP-101]], released in 1982, was the world's first commercially released compact disc player. It was originally sold only in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/sonyhistory-a.html|title=Sony Global - Product & Technology Milestones-Home Audio|website=www.sony.net|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>

Unlike early [[LaserDisc]] players, first CD players already used [[laser diode]]s instead of larger [[helium-neon laser]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shimizu, H. |title=General Purpose Technology, Spin-Out, and Innovation: Technological Development of Laser Diodes in the United States and Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQiZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 |year=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811337147| pages=138–139}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc |series=Philips Research |url=https://archive.org/details/originssuccessor00peek_314 |url-access=limited |year=2009 |volume=11 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9553-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/originssuccessor00peek_314/page/n16 14], 141|isbn=978-1-4020-9552-8 }}</ref>

===Digital audio laser-disc prototypes===
In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog<ref name="Immink">{{cite journal|url=http://www.exp-math.uni-essen.de/~immink/pdf/cdstory.htm |title=The CD Story |author=Kees A. Schouhamer Immink |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |volume=46 |pages=458–465 |year=1998 |access-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104160226/http://www.exp-math.uni-essen.de/~immink/pdf/cdstory.htm |archive-date=4 November 2014 }}</ref> optical audio disc with a diameter of {{cvt|20|cm|in}} and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record.<ref>[http://www.laweekly.com/music/why-cds-may-actually-sound-better-than-vinyl-5352162 Why CDs may actually sound better than vinyl],
Chris Kornelis, 27 January 2015</ref> However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974.<ref name="Immink"/> In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at {{cvt|11.5|cm|in}}, the diagonal of an audio cassette.<ref name="Immink" /><ref name="peek">{{cite journal |first=Hans B. |last=Peek |title=The Emergence of the Compact Disc |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=January 2010 |pages=10–17 |volume=48 |number=1 |issn=0163-6804 |doi= 10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 |s2cid=21402165 }}</ref>

[[Heitaro Nakajima]], who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization [[NHK]] in 1970, became general manager of [[Sony]]'s audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital [[PCM adaptor]] audio tape recorder using a [[Betamax]] video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68 | title=Heitaro Nakajima | magazine=Billboard | date=8 January 2000 | access-date=4 November 2014 | author=McClure, Steve | pages=68}}</ref> [[Sony]] first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a {{cvt|30|cm|in}} disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100&nbsp;Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using [[Run-length limited|MFM]] modulation.<ref name="SonyHistorical">{{cite web | url = http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=2912 | title = A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System | date = March 1979 | publisher = AES | access-date = 14 February 2009 }}</ref> In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056&nbsp;Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and [[Cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding|cross-interleaved]] [[error correction]] code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd [[Audio Engineering Society|AES]] Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in [[Brussels]].<ref name="SonyHistorical" /> Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc"<ref name="BBC6950933">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6950933.stm | title = How the CD Was Developed | work=BBC News | date = 17 August 2007 | access-date = 17 August 2007 }}</ref> in [[Eindhoven]], [[Netherlands]].<ref name="PhilipsHistorical">{{cite web | url = http://www.philipsmuseumeindhoven.nl/phe/products/e_cd.htm | title = Philips Compact Disc | publisher = Philips | access-date = 14 February 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090319141821/http://www.philipsmuseumeindhoven.nl/phe/products/e_cd.htm | archive-date = 19 March 2009 }}</ref>

===Collaboration and standardization===
[[File:Time destroyed CD.JPG|thumbnail|right|This disc is [[disc rot|highly corroded]]. The error correction cannot correct all errors. Two minutes can be played, however.]]
Sony executive [[Norio Ohga]], later CEO and chairman of Sony, and [[Heitaro Nakajima]] were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.<ref name="Ohgaobituary">{{ citation | url = https://www.foxnews.com/tech/sony-chairman-credited-with-developing-cds-dies | title = Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies | access-date = 14 October 2012 | work=Fox News | date=24 April 2011}}</ref> As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers [[Kees Schouhamer Immink]]<ref name="Imminknature">{{Cite journal 
|journal=Nature Electronics
|volume=1
|date=2018
|title=How we made the compact disc
|author=K.A. Schouhamer Immink
|author-link=Kees Schouhamer Immink
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324571504
|access-date=2018-04-16
|quote=An international collaboration between Philips and the Sony Corporation lead to the creation of the compact disc. The author explains how it came about
}}</ref> and [[Toshitada Doi]], the research pushed forward [[laser]] and [[optical disc]] technology.<ref name="BBC6950933" /> After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the ''[[Rainbow Books|Red Book]]'' [[CD-DA]] standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the [[IEC]] as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.

Philips coined the term ''compact disc'' in line with another audio product, the [[Compact Cassette]],<ref name=peek /> and contributed the general [[manufacturing process]], based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed [[eight-to-fourteen modulation]] (EFM), which offers a certain resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints, while Sony contributed the [[error-correction]] method, [[Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding|CIRC]]. The ''Compact Disc Story'',<ref name="Immink" /> told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around four to eight persons,<ref name="Immink2">{{cite journal |url=http://www.turing-machines.com/pdf/beethoven.htm |title=Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc |author=Kees A. Schouhamer Immink |journal=IEEE Information Theory Newsletter |pages=42–46 |year=2007 }}</ref><ref name="Knopper">{{cite book | title = Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry in the Digital Age | url = https://archive.org/details/appetiteforselfd00knop_0 | url-access = registration | author = Knopper, Steve | publisher = Free Press/[[Simon & Schuster]] | date = 7 January 2009 | isbn = 9781416552154 | access-date = <!-- 2009-038-17 --> }}</ref> though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team."<ref name="PhilDoss">{{cite web | url = http://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/dossier/optrec/beethoven.html | title = The Inventor of the CD | work = Philips Research | access-date = 16 January 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080129201342/http://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/dossier/optrec/beethoven.html |archive-date=29 January 2008 }}</ref>

===First ''Red Book'' CDs and players===
''Red Book'' was the first standard in the [[Rainbow Books]] series of standards.

Philips established the Polydor Pressing Operations plant in [[Langenhagen]] near [[Hannover]], [[Germany]], and quickly passed a series of milestones.

* The first ''test pressing'' was of a recording of [[Richard Strauss]]'s ''[[Eine Alpensinfonie]]'' (''An Alpine Symphony'') played by the [[Berlin Philharmonic]] and conducted by [[Herbert von Karajan]], who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979.<ref name="AutoMR-3">{{ cite press release |url = http://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/dossier/optrec/firstcds.html | title = Optical Recording | publisher = Royal Philips Electronics }}</ref>
* The first ''public demonstration'' was on the [[BBC]] television program ''[[Tomorrow's World]]'' in 1981, when the [[Bee Gees]]' album ''[[Living Eyes (Bee Gees album)|Living Eyes]]'' (1981) was played.<ref name="AutoMR-4">{{cite book| last = Bilyeu|first = Melinda|author2=Hector Cook |author3=Andrew Môn Hughes  |publisher = Omnibus Press|year = 2004| isbn = 978-1-84449-057-8| title = The Bee Gees:tales of the brothers Gibb| page = 519 }}</ref>
* The first ''commercial'' compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982. It was a recording from 1979 of [[Claudio Arrau]] performing Chopin waltzes (Philips 400 025-2). Arrau was invited to the Langenhagen plant to press the start button.
* The first ''popular music'' CD produced at the new factory was ''[[The Visitors (ABBA album)|The Visitors]]'' (1981) by [[ABBA]].<ref name="AutoMR-5">{{cite web|url=http://www.geekzone.co.nz/content.asp?contentid=7304|title=And 25 Years Ago Philips Introduced the CD|work=GeekZone|access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref>
* The first 50 titles were ''released'' in Japan on 1 October 1982, with the first-cataloged CD in this wave being a reissue of [[Billy Joel]]'s ''[[52nd Street (album)|52nd Street]]''.<ref name="AutoMR-6">{{cite web|url=http://www.sony.net/Fun/SH/1-20/h5.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802133849/http://www.sony.net/Fun/SH/1-20/h5.html|archive-date=2 August 2008|title=Sony History: A Great Invention 100 Years On|publisher=[[Sony]]|access-date=28 February 2012 }}</ref>

The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe<ref>[http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20070816_25th_anniversary_cd.wpd Philips celebrates 25th anniversary of the Compact Disc], Philips Media Release, 16 August 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2013.</ref> and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles).<ref name="G&M 1983-03-05">{{cite news
  | last      = Kaptains
  | first     = Arthur
  | title     = Sampling the latest sound: should last a lifetime
  | newspaper = The Globe and Mail
  | date      = 5 March 1983
  | location  = Toronto
  | page      = E11
}}</ref> This event is often seen{{by whom|date=April 2023}} as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting [[classical music]] and [[audiophile]] communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable [[Walkman]], the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was [[Dire Straits]], with their 1985 album ''[[Brothers in Arms (album)|Brothers in Arms]]''.<ref name="AutoMR-7">''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'', 2004</ref> The first major artist to have his entire catalog converted to CD was [[David Bowie]], whose 15 studio albums were made available by [[RCA Records]] in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums.<ref name="AutoMR-8">The New Schwann Record & Tape Guide Volume 37 No. 2 February 1985</ref> In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.<ref name="AutoMR-9">MAC Audio News. No. 178, November 1989. pp 19-21 Glenn Baddeley. ''November 1989 News Update''. Melbourne Audio Club Inc.</ref>

[[File:Sony CD Walkman D-E330 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sony CD Walkman D-E330]]

===Further development and decline===
[[File:JVC CD player.JPG|thumb|right|A [[JVC]] FS-SD5R CD player from the 1990s with a transparent plastic cover and blue backlight]]
The CD was planned to be the successor of the [[gramophone record]] for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium, but from its origins as a format for music, its use has grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, [[Kees Schouhamer Immink|Immink]] and [[Joseph Braat|Braat]] presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd [[Audio Engineering Society|AES]] Convention.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Experiments Toward an Erasable Compact Disc| journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society | date=August 1984 | volume=32 | issue=7/8 | pages=531–538 |url= http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=4492|access-date=26 October 2014| last1=Immink | first1=Kees A. | last2=Braat | first2=Joseph J. }}</ref> In June 1985, the computer-readable [[CD-ROM]] (read-only memory) was introduced and, in 1990, the [[CD-R]]ecordable, also developed by both Sony and Philips.<ref name="AutoMR-10">The world's first CD-R was made by the Japanese firm [[Taiyo Yuden]] Co., Ltd. in 1988 as part of the joint Philips-Sony development effort.</ref> Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without the defects introduced in the compression used in other [[digital recording]] methods. Other newer video formats such as [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are [[backward compatible]] with audio CD.

By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the [[audio cassette]] player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the US to have a factory-equipped cassette player.<ref name=nyt20120718>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/automobiles/06AUDIO.html|title=For Car Cassette Decks, Play Time Is Over|last=Williams|first=Stephen|newspaper=New York Times|date=4 February 2011|access-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> Currently, with the increasing popularity of portable digital audio players, such as mobile phones, and solid state music storage, CD players are being phased out of automobiles in favor of minijack auxiliary inputs and connections to USB devices.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

Some CD players incorporate disc changers. Commonly these can hold 3, 5, 6, or 10 discs at once and change from one disc to the next without user intervention. Disc changers capable of holding up to 400 discs at once were available. Also, the user can manually choose the disc to be played, making it similar to a [[jukebox]]. They were often built into car audio and home stereo systems, although 7 disc CD changers were once made by [[NEC]] and [[Nakamichi]]<ref name="Nakamichi MBR-7 7 Disc CD ROM Changer">{{cite web |url=https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/49389/Nakamichi-MBR-7-7-Disc-CD-Rom-Changer/ |title=Nakamichi MBR-7 7 Disc CD-Rom Changer - Peripheral - Computing History |website=Computing History}}</ref> for PCs. Some could also play DVD and Blu-ray discs.

Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of [[Digital distribution|Internet-based distribution]] of files in [[Lossy compression|lossily-compressed]] [[audio format]]s such as [[MP3]], sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%<ref name="AutoMR-11">{{cite news |first= Ethan|last= Smith|title=Music Sales Decline for Seventh Time in Eight Years: Digital Downloads Can't Offset 20% Plunge in CD Sales |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123075988836646491?mod=rss_whats_news_technology&mg=com-wsj |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=2 January 2009 |access-date=4 March 2009 }}</ref> – although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better (according to figures released 30 March 2009), and CDs still continue to sell greatly.<ref name="AutoMR-12">{{cite web |url=http://indiemusicstop.wordpress.com/2009/04/01/cd-baby-payouts-surge/ |title=CD Baby Payouts Surge |publisher=Indiemusicstop.wordpress.com |date=30 March 2009 |access-date=1 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718100639/http://indiemusicstop.wordpress.com/2009/04/01/cd-baby-payouts-surge/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyotimes.com/buying-cds-continues-to-be-a-tradition-in-japan/|title=Buying CDs continues to be a tradition in Japan - Tokyo Times|date=23 August 2013|access-date=21 January 2018|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220150903/http://www.tokyotimes.com/buying-cds-continues-to-be-a-tradition-in-japan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sisaro, Ben|title=Music Streaming Service Aims at Japan, Where CD Is Still King|work=New York Times|date=11 June 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/business/media/line-music-a-new-streaming-service-aims-at-japanese-market.html}}</ref> As of 2020, compact cassettes, vinyl records, and CDs are still being released by some musicians, primarily as merchandise, to allow fans to provide financial support while receiving something tangible in return.