Editing CSL Limited (section)

== History ==
=== Origin and Penfold directorship ===
CSL was founded in 1916 as Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, an Australian government body focused on vaccine manufacture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trove|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1476740?c=people|access-date=2020-09-22|website=trove.nla.gov.au}}</ref> Under the first director, William Penfold,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/penfold-william-james-8015|title=Penfold, William James (1875–1941)|last=Robin|first=A. De Q.|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|location=Canberra}}</ref> CSL commenced operation in the vacant [[Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research|Walter and Eliza Hall Institute]] building at the [[Royal Melbourne Hospital]] in 1918 before moving to its purpose-built Parkville premises in the following year.

=== Morgan directorship ===
After ongoing disputes with the [[Department of Health (1921–1987)|Department of Health]] and its director-general [[John Cumpston]], Penfold resigned in 1927 and was replaced by Frederic Morgan.<ref>{{Citation|last=Egan|first=Bryan|title=Morgan, Frederick Grantley (1891–1969)|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/morgan-frederick-grantley-11164|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|place=Canberra|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref> Soon after Morgan's appointment, CSL was drawn into a serious public health disaster when a batch of its [[diphtheria]] toxin-antitoxin was implicated in the deaths of twelve children in what became known as the [[Bundaberg tragedy]] of 1928. Although CSL's manufacturing processes were absolved, its labelling procedures were seen to be in error, leading to an enduring focus on the highest standards across the facility's production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article195229589|title=BUNDABERG TRAGEDY, Daily Examiner|date=14 June 1928|pages=3|via=Trove}}</ref>

=== Antivenene research and production ===
In 1928, CSL also became involved in [[wiktionary:anti-venene|antivenene]] ([[antivenom]]) manufacture in conjunction with the snake venom research undertaken by [[Charles Kellaway]] at the Hall Institute.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hobbins|first1=Peter G.|last2=Winkel|first2=Kenneth D.|date=2007-12-03|title=The forgotten successes and sacrifices of Charles Kellaway, director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1923–1944|url=https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2007/187/11/forgotten-successes-and-sacrifices-charles-kellaway-director-walter-and-eliza|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|language=en|volume=187|issue=11|pages=645–648|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01457.x|pmid=18072902|s2cid=23444263|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This led to the successful clinical testing of antivenene against tiger snake ''[[Notechis scutatus]]'' bite in 1930 and its commercial release in 1931.

In 1934, the research on snake venoms was transferred from the Hall Institute to CSL under the direction of former snake showman and herpetologist Tom "Pambo" Eades. This represented the initiation of research at the laboratories – an outcome its directors had been seeking for over a decade. The relationship with the Hall Institute continued until World War II, particularly via joint projects on viral diseases including [[polio]] and [[influenza]] coordinated by [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] and Esmond "Bill" Keogh. Keogh played an important role in the establishment of [[penicillin]] production at CSL in 1944 – a critical wartime achievement.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/keogh-esmond-venner-bill-10724|title=Keogh, Esmond Venner (Bill) (1895–1970)|journal= Australian Dictionary of Biography|volume=15|year=2000|first1=Lyndsay|last1=Gardiner|first2=Geoffrey|last2=Serle|publisher=National Centre of Biography, [[Australian National University]]}}</ref>

=== Plasma fractionation and Wiener directorship ===
In 1952, operation commenced plasma fractionation.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Flood|first1=Phillip|url=https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/B3B4E1D741764DD2CA257BF000193A6F/$File/plasma_FINAL%20as%20at%2030%20November%202006.pdf|title=Review of Australia's Plasma Fractionation Arrangements|last2=Wills|first2=Peter|last3=Lawler|first3=Peter|last4=Ryan|first4=Graeme|last5=Rickard|first5=Kevin A.|year=2006|isbn=1-74186-121-7}}</ref> Thereafter the range of antivenoms increased, including those against other snake species such as death adder (''[[Acanthophis antarcticus]]'') and the taipan (''[[Oxyuranus scutellatus]]''), plus spiders including the redback (''[[Latrodectus hasselti]]'') and – after much difficulty – the Sydney funnel-web (''[[Atrax robustus]]''). Much of this work, including the introduction in 1962 of a polyvalent antivenom against all of the major terrestrial Australian snakes, occurred under the direction of [[Saul Wiener]], while from 1966 until the mid-1990s, venom research was coordinated by the eccentric but dedicated [[Struan Sutherland]], who in 1979 released new guidelines for snakebite first aid,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article250876011|title=SAFER FIRST AID, Papua New Guinea Post-Courier|date=18 April 1979|pages=11|via=Trove}}</ref> and a new test for snakebites that would identify which snake had envenomated the victim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110609725|title=New test for snake bites, The Canberra Times|date=30 October 1979|pages=14|via=Trove}}</ref>

Other major achievements of CSL include:<ref>{{Cite news|title=Blood, sweat and tears of the CSL century|last=Tasker|first=Sarah-Jane|date=23 April 2016|publisher=The Australian}}</ref>
* early production of [[Insulin (medication)|insulin]] for treatment of Australian diabetics (1923)
* development of a [[tetanus]] vaccine (1938)
* development of a combined vaccine for [[diphtheria]], tetanus and [[whooping cough]] (1953)
* rapid adoption and production of a [[polio vaccine]] (1956)
* development of a multi-purpose animal vaccine covering pulpy kidney ([[enterotoxemia]]), tetanus, [[black disease]], [[Malignant edema|malignant oedema]] and [[Blackleg (disease)|blackleg]] (1961)
* production of Rhesus (D) immunoglobulin to prevent haemolytic disease in newborns due to [[Rh disease|Rh factor incompatibility]] (1966–67)
* pioneering heat treatment to protect blood and plasma products from infection with [[HIV]] (1983)
* collaboration on development of the world's first [[human papillomavirus]] vaccine, [[Gardasil]], building on the pioneering work by [[Ian Frazer|Professor Ian Frazer]] (1994–2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uniquest.com.au/filething/get/8631/Gardasil%20Commercialisation%20Story.pdf|title=A global solution to reducing cervical cancer|website=Uniquest commercialisation stories|publisher=The University of Queensland|access-date=29 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Privatisation ===
In 1994, the Commonwealth facility was privatised by the [[Keating government]] as CSL Ltd. and was publicly listed and traded on the [[Australian Securities Exchange]]. The company completed an [[initial public offering]] in June 1994 at A$2.30 per share (76.7c adjusted for split). CSL stock is part of the [[S&P/ASX 20]] Index.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asx.com.au/asx/share-price-research/company/CSL|title=CSL Limited|access-date=7 February 2020|work=[[Australian Securities Exchange]]}}</ref>

=== Acquisition of ZLB Bioplasma AG and Aventis Behring ===
In 2000, CSL doubled its size through the purchase of a Swiss plasma company, the Bern-based ZLB Bioplasma AG.<ref name="wsj-csl-buys-zlb-bio">{{cite news |author1=Dow Jones Newswires |title=Australia's CSL Agrees to Acquire Aventis Unit for up to $925 Million |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107095001643104600 |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=9 December 2003 |quote=''… this deal eclipses the A$1 billion (US$740.2 million) CSL spent in 2000 to buy ZLB Bioplasma from the Swiss Red Cross.''}}</ref> In 2004, during a period of plasma oversupply, the company expanded again with the purchase of the German medical company Aventis Behring.<ref name="pharma-letr-csl-buys-avent-behr">{{cite web |title=Aventis disposes of Behring unit with $925M sale to Australia's CSL – |url=https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/aventis-disposes-of-behring-unit-with-925m-sale-to-australia-s-csl |website=thepharmaletter.com |publisher=The Pharma Letter |access-date=22 February 2021 |date=15 December 2003 |quote=''… Aventis says that it has agreed to sell its Aventis Behring blood products business to Australia's CSL …'' |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923070545/https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/aventis-disposes-of-behring-unit-with-925m-sale-to-australia-s-csl |archive-date=23 September 2021 }}</ref> The company was the second Australian public company to have reached a share price of over $100 per share.<ref name="quest-csl-$100+">{{cite web |title=CSL bursts through the $100 barrier |url=https://questap.com.au/csl-bursts-through-the-100-barrier/ |publisher=Quest Asset Partners |date= 4 August 2015 |access-date=22 February 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228082802/http://questap.com.au/csl-bursts-through-the-100-barrier/ |archive-date=28 February 2016 }}</ref>

=== Acquisition and merging of Novartis ===
In October 2014, [[Novartis]] announced its intention to sell its influenza vaccine business, including its development pipeline, to CSL for $275 million. CSL merged it into its BioCSL operation.<ref>{{cite web|first=Alex|last=Phillipidis|url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/novartis-selling-flu-vaccine-business-to-csl-for-275m/81250520/|title=Novartis Selling Flu Vaccine Business to CSL for $275M|work=Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News|date=27 October 2014|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

In November 2015, BioCSL rebranded the combined business with Novartis Influenza Vaccines as ''Seqirus'' [Sek-eer-us], creating the world's second-largest influenza vaccine company.<ref>[http://www.csl.com.au/Seqirus.htm Sequirus] Commonwealth Serum Laboratories</ref>

In August 2017, the business announced it would acquire Calimmune and its stem cell therapy platform.<ref>{{cite press release |title=CSL Behring Acquires Biotech Company Calimmune and its Proprietary Stem Cell Gene Therapy Platform |url=https://investors.csl.com/site/PDF/f00cb92f-cb30-4ed5-a5db-40a2c960f233/CSLBehringAcquiresUSBiotechCompanyCalimmune |publisher=CSL  |date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref>

Completed in 2018, Seqirus's Holly Spring, NC, the plant was funded with $59 million from the U.S. government.<ref>{{cite news|last=Willman|first=David|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/federal-vaccine-development-sites-ill-suited-to-counter-covid-19-epidemic/2020/03/15/34e8586c-63c4-11ea-acca-80c22bbee96f_story.html|title=Federal vaccine development sites ill-suited to counter covid-19 epidemic|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 March 2020|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>

in June 2020, CSL announced it would exercise its right to acquire Vitaeris.<ref>{{cite press release |title=CSL to Acquire Biotech Company Vitaeris |url=https://investors.csl.com/site/PDF/471311e9-12c0-4075-8f46-d595377b96d2/CSLtoAcquireBiotechCompanyVitaeris |publisher=CSL  |date=2020-09-06 |access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref>

In December 2021, the business announced it would acquire Swiss drugmaker, [[Vifor Pharma]] AG, for $11.7 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/australias-csl-buy-swiss-drugmaker-vifor-117-billion-2021-12-13/|date=2021-12-14|access-date=2021-12-15|title=Australia's CSL to buy Swiss drugmaker Vifor for $11.7 bln|first1=Nikhil|last1=Nainan|first2=Silke|last2=Koltrowitz|first3=Scott|last3=Murdoch|work=Reuters}}</ref>

In August 2022, CSL rebranded all of its divisions to start with the CSL name. Therefore, the divisions became [[CSL Behring]], [[CSL Plasma]], [[CSL Seqirus]], and [[CSL Vifor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coey |first=Sharon Klahr |date=2022-08-26 |title=CSL to unite all business units, including Seqirus, under the CSL umbrella |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/marketing/csl-unite-all-business-unit-including-seqirus-under-one-csl-umbrella |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826150412/https://www.fiercepharma.com/marketing/csl-unite-all-business-unit-including-seqirus-under-one-csl-umbrella |archive-date=2022-08-26 |website=Fierce Pharma}}</ref>

===Acquisition history===
{{hidden begin|border=1px #aaa solid|title=CSL Limited acquisitions|ta1=center}}
{{Tree list}}
*'''CSL Limited''' <small>(Founded 1916 as Commonwealth Serum Laboratories)</small>
**[[CSL Behring|ZLB Behring]]
***ZLB Bioplasma AG <small>(Acq 2000)</small>
***Aventis Behring <small>(Acq 2004)</small>
***[[Vifor Pharma]] <small>(Acq 2021)</small>
**Seqirus <small>(Merged 2014)</small>
***BioCSL
***Novartis Influenza Vaccines div.
**Calimmune <small>(Acq 2017)</small>
**Vitaeris <small>(Acq 2020)</small>
{{Tree list/end}}
{{hidden end}}
[[File:CSL Global Headquarters, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.jpg|thumb|CSL's global headquarters building in Parkville, Victoria]]