Editing CS gas (section)

==History==
CS gas was first [[Chemical synthesis|synthesized]] by two Americans, Ben Corson and Roger Stoughton,<ref name=corson28>{{cite journal| last1 = Corson| first1 = Ben B.| last2 = Stoughton| first2 = Roger W. | name-list-style = vanc | year = 1928| title = Reactions of Alpha, Beta-Unsaturated Dinitriles| journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society| volume = 50| issue = 10| pages = 2825–2837 | doi = 10.1021/ja01397a037}}</ref> at [[Middlebury College]] in [[Vermont]] in 1928, and the chemical's name is derived from the first letters of the scientists' surnames.<ref>{{OED|CS}}</ref><ref name="Name">"[http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Cs CS, chemical compound] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219182423/http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Cs |date=19 December 2005 }}". [http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/ columbia.thefreedictionary.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050729031936/http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/ |date=29 July 2005 }}. Retrieved on 23 September 2007.</ref>

CS was developed and tested secretly at [[Porton Down]] in [[Wiltshire]], UK, in the 1950s and '60s. CS was used first on animals, and subsequently on [[British Army]] servicemen volunteers. CS has less effect on animals because they have different tear ducts and, in the case of non-human mammals, their fur inhibits the free entry of the gas.<ref name=Zarc>"[http://www.zarc.com/english/tear_gases/csmain.html Orthochlorobenzylidenemalononitrile ClC6H4CHCCN(CN)2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128091426/http://www.zarc.com/english/tear_gases/csmain.html |date=28 November 2006 }}". Zarc International. Retrieved on 23 September 2007</ref>

As recently as 2002, the U.S. State Department [[Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation]] of [[Colin Powell]] made a firm distinction between "riot-control agents" such as CS gas, and "lethal chemical weapons." The Bureau cited support for this position from the U.K. and Japan.<ref name=s2002>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/isn/4784.htm |title=Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol) |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=25 September 2002 |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref>

The use of CS in warfare has been prohibited under the [[Chemical Weapons Convention]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article II – Definitions and Criteria |url=https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-ii-definitions-and-criteria |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=OPCW |language=en}}</ref> The [[OPCW]] (the governing body of the convention) has observed its use in the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OPCW issues report on its Technical Assistance Visit to Ukraine following an alleged incident of use of toxic chemicals as a weapon |url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2024/11/opcw-issues-report-its-technical-assistance-visit-ukraine-following |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=OPCW |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Tear gas used on Ukraine battlefield, chemical weapons agency finds |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/tear-gas-used-ukraine-battlefield-chemical-weapons-agency-finds-2024-11-18/ |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>