Editing Cabergoline (section)

==Medical uses==
* [[Lactation suppression]]
* [[Hyperprolactinemia]]<ref name=UKlabel>UK electronic Medicines Compendium [https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/10003 Dostinex Tablets] Last Updated on eMC Dec 23, 2013</ref>
* Adjunctive therapy of prolactin-producing pituitary gland tumors ([[prolactinoma]]s);
* Monotherapy of [[Parkinson's disease]] in the early phase;
* Combination therapy, together with [[levodopa]] and a [[decarboxylase]] inhibitor such as [[carbidopa]], in progressive-phase Parkinson's disease;
* In some countries also: [[ablactation]] and dysfunctions associated with [[hyperprolactinemia]] ([[amenorrhea]], [[oligomenorrhea]], [[anovulation]], [[nonpuerperal mastitis]] and [[galactorrhea]]);
* Treatment of [[uterine fibroids]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sayyah-Melli M, Tehrani-Gadim S, Dastranj-Tabrizi A, Gatrehsamani F, Morteza G, Ouladesahebmadarek E, Farzadi L, Kazemi-Shishvan M | title = Comparison of the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and dopamine receptor agonist on uterine myoma growth. Histologic, sonographic, and intra-operative changes | journal = Saudi Medical Journal | volume = 30 | issue = 8 | pages = 1024–1033 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19668882 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sankaran S, Manyonda IT | title = Medical management of fibroids | journal = Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 655–676 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18468953 | doi = 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.03.001 | url = http://www.britishfibroidtrust.org.uk/journals/bft_Sankaran.pdf }} </ref>
* Adjunctive therapy of [[acromegaly]], cabergoline has low efficacy in suppressing growth hormone levels and is highly efficient in suppressing hyperprolactinemia that is present in 20-30% of acromegaly cases; [[growth hormone]] and [[prolactin]] are similar structurally and have similar effects in many target tissues, therefore targeting prolactin may help symptoms when growth hormone secretion cannot be sufficiently controlled by other methods;

Cabergoline is frequently used as a first-line agent in the management of prolactinomas due to its higher affinity for D<sub>2</sub> receptor sites, less severe side effects, and more convenient dosing schedule than the older [[bromocriptine]], though in pregnancy bromocriptine is often still chosen since there is less data on safety in pregnancy for cabergoline.

===Off-label===
Cabergoline has at times been used as an adjunct to [[SSRI]] [[antidepressants]] as there is some evidence that it counteracts certain [[adverse effect|side effects]] of those [[drugs]], such as reduced [[libido]] and [[anorgasmia]]. It also has been suggested that it has a possible [[recreational]] use in reducing or eliminating the male [[refractory period (sex)|refractory period]], thereby  allowing men to experience multiple ejaculatory orgasms in rapid succession, and at least two scientific studies support those speculations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krüger TH, Haake P, Haverkamp J, Krämer M, Exton MS, Saller B, Leygraf N, Hartmann U, Schedlowski M | title = Effects of acute prolactin manipulation on sexual drive and function in males | journal = The Journal of Endocrinology | volume = 179 | issue = 3 | pages = 357–365 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14656205 | doi = 10.1677/joe.0.1790357 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.484.4005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hollander AB, Pastuszak AW, Hsieh TC, Johnson WG, Scovell JM, Mai CK, Lipshultz LI | title = Cabergoline in the Treatment of Male Orgasmic Disorder-A Retrospective Pilot Analysis | journal = Sexual Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = e28–e33 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26944776 | pmc = 4822480 | doi = 10.1016/j.esxm.2015.09.001 }}</ref>{{rp|e28–e33}} Additionally, a systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that prophylactic treatment with cabergoline reduces the incidence, but not the severity, of [[ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]] (OHSS), without compromising pregnancy outcomes, in females undergoing stimulated cycles of [[in vitro fertilization]] (IVF).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Youssef MA, van Wely M, Hassan MA, Al-Inany HG, Mochtar M, Khattab S, van der Veen F | title = Can dopamine agonists reduce the incidence and severity of OHSS in IVF/ICSI treatment cycles? A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Human Reproduction Update | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 459–466 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20354100 | doi = 10.1093/humupd/dmq006 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Also, a study on rats found that cabergoline reduces voluntary alcohol consumption, possibly by increasing [[GDNF]] expression in the [[ventral tegmental area]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carnicella S, Ahmadiantehrani S, He DY, Nielsen CK, Bartlett SE, Janak PH, Ron D | title = Cabergoline decreases alcohol drinking and seeking behaviors via glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | pages = 146–153 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19232578 | pmc = 2895406 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.022 }}</ref> It may be used in the treatment of [[restless legs syndrome]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}. Oral administration of cabergoline was faced with gastrointestinal problems which cause poor compliance in patients. One of the preferred solutions is to use non-oral dosage forms like suppositories. Vaginal suppositories have ease of use and could hinder gastrointestinal effects of cabergoline.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahmanian-Devin P, Fadaei MR, Mashreghi M, Askari VR | title = Preparation and characterization of vaginal suppository of semisynthetic derivatives of ergot alkaloids cabergoline | journal = Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal | volume = 31 | issue = 12 | pages = 101849 | date = December 2023 | pmid = 38028218 | pmc = 10663909 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101849 }}</ref>

===Pregnancy and lactation===
Relatively little is known about the effects of this medication during pregnancy and lactation. In some cases the related [[bromocriptine]] may be an alternative when pregnancy is expected.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

* [[Pregnancy]]: available preliminary data indicates a somewhat increased rate of [[congenital]] abnormalities in patients who became pregnant while treated with cabergoline.{{Citation needed|reason=due to use as adjunct therapy with IVF, citation needed to clarify type of abnormalities, whether increase is meaningful, when treatment occurred, etc.|date=August 2011}}.  However, one study concluded that "foetal exposure to cabergoline through early pregnancy does not induce any increase in the risk of miscarriage or foetal malformation."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Colao A, Abs R, Bárcena DG, Chanson P, Paulus W, Kleinberg DL | title = Pregnancy outcomes following cabergoline treatment: extended results from a 12-year observational study | journal = Clinical Endocrinology | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–71 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 17760883 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03000.x | s2cid = 38408935 }}</ref> 
* [[Lactation]]: In rats cabergoline was found in the maternal [[milk]]. Since it is not known if this effect also occurs in humans, breastfeeding is usually not recommended if/when treatment with cabergoline is necessary.
* [[Lactation suppression]]: In some countries cabergoline (Dostinex) is sometimes used as a lactation suppressant. It is also used in veterinary medicine to treat [[false pregnancy]] in dogs.