Editing Caesarism (section)

== History ==
The German historian [[Johann Friedrich Böhmer]] first used the term ''Caesarism'' in 1846, to describe the state's political subordination of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref name=c>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=R86cltC2mNMC&q=caesarism&pg=PA34 |title=Caesarism, Charisma and Fate: Historical Sources and Modern Resonances in the Work of Max Weber |first=Peter |last=Baehr |pages=32–35 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4128-0813-2}}</ref> Published in 1850, ''L'ère des Césars'' by {{ill|Auguste Romieu|fr}} defined Caesarism as the military rule and régime of a [[warlord]], and "following Romieu's polemic, 'Caesarism' quickly gained vogue status."<ref name=c/> In 1857, the religious writer [[Orestes Brownson]] used the term Caesarism to mean rule and régime of [[absolute monarchy]].<ref name=c/> In 1858, the mainstream usage of the term occurs in a ''[[Westminster Review]]'' article of political criticism about the "clumsy eulogies of Caesarism as [being] incarnate in the dynasty of Bonaparte".<ref name=c/>

As an admirer of Julius Caesar, Napoléon Bonaparte espoused Caesarism as a justification of his rule and régime of France.{{sfn|Baehr|2009|page=54}} [[Napoleon III]]'s policy under the [[Second French Empire]], which combined an authoritarian regime and a proactive social policy, notably with the [[Ollivier law]] of 1864, can be described as a form of "social Caesarism".<ref>{{cite book|first=Cyrille |last=Ferraton |author-link=:fr:Cyrille Ferraton |title=Associations et coopératives, Une autre histoire économique |language=fr |trans-title=Associations and cooperatives, Another economic story |publisher=ERES |date=2007 |pages=116}}</ref> According to historian {{ill|Louis Girard (historian)|fr|Louis Girard}}, this policy aims in particular to rally the workers to the regime in the face of hostile liberal bosses.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Louis |last=Girard |author-link=:fr:Louis Girard |title=Les élections de 1869 |language=fr |trans-title=The elections of 1869 |journal=Revue d'Histoire du xixe siècle - 1848 |volume=21 |number=1 |date=1960 |pages=X |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/r1848_1155-8822_1960_ant_21_1_2801}}</ref>

[[Benjamin Disraeli]] was accused of Caesarism in March 1878 when, in anticipation of war with Russia, he mobilised British reserves and called Indian troops to [[Malta]]. [[G.&nbsp;K. Chesterton]] made one of the most ringing denunciations of Caesarism in his work [[Heretics (book)|''Heretics'']], calling it "the worst form of slavery".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/470/470-h/470-h.htm#chap19 |title=Heretics |first=G.K. |last=Chesterton |author-link=G.&nbsp;K. Chesterton}}</ref>

Sociologist [[Max Weber]] believed that every [[mass democracy]] went in a Caesarist direction. Professor of law Gerhard Casper writes, "Weber employed the term to stress, [[inter alia]], the [[Plebeian_Council|plebiscitary]] character of elections, disdain for parliament, the non-toleration of autonomous powers within the government and a failure to attract or suffer independent political minds."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.stanford.edu/publications/caesarism-in-democratic-politics-reflections-on-max-weber/ |title=Caesarism in Democratic Politics: Reflections on Max Weber}}</ref>