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==Beverages== ===Coffee=== The world's primary source of caffeine is the coffee "bean" (the seed of the [[coffea|coffee plant]]), from which coffee is brewed. Caffeine content in coffee varies widely depending on the type of [[coffee bean]] and the method of preparation used;<ref name="ICO">{{cite web|title=Caffeine |publisher=International Coffee Organization |url=http://www.ico.org/caffeine.asp |access-date=1 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327113321/http://www.ico.org/caffeine.asp |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref> even beans within a given bush can show variations in concentration. In general, one serving of coffee ranges from 80 to 100 milligrams, for a single shot (30 milliliters) of arabica-variety [[espresso]], to approximately 100–125 milligrams for a cup (120 milliliters) of [[drip coffee]].<ref name="caffaq_roast">{{cite web |title=Coffee and Caffeine FAQ: Does dark roast coffee have less caffeine than light roast? |url=http://coffeefaq.com/site/node/15 |access-date=2 August 2009 |archive-date=14 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214060638/http://coffeefaq.com/site/node/15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="jeremiahspick">{{cite web|title=All About Coffee: Caffeine Level |publisher=Jeremiah's Pick Coffee Co |url=http://www.jeremiahspick.com/caffeine-e-13.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318102343/http://www.jeremiahspick.com/caffeine-e-13.html |archive-date=18 March 2008 |access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref> ''[[coffea arabica|Arabica]]'' coffee typically contains half the caffeine of the ''[[coffea canephora|robusta]]'' variety.<ref name="ICO" /> In general, dark-roast coffee has very slightly less caffeine than lighter roasts because the roasting process reduces caffeine content of the bean by a small amount.<ref name="caffaq_roast" /><ref name="jeremiahspick" /> ===Tea=== Tea leaves contain more caffeine than coffee beans by dry weight. A typical serving, however, contains much less, since less of the product is used as compared to an equivalent serving of coffee. Also contributing to caffeine content are growing conditions, processing techniques, and other variables. Thus, teas contain varying amounts of caffeine.<ref name="FRI">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hicks MB, Hsieh YH, Bell LN |title=Tea preparation and its influence on methylxanthine concentration |journal=Food Research International |year=1996 |volume=29 |pages=325–330 |doi=10.1016/0963-9969(96)00038-5 |issue=3–4}}</ref> Tea contains small amounts of [[theobromine]] and slightly higher levels of [[theophylline]] than coffee. Preparation and many other factors have a significant impact on tea, and color is a very poor indicator of caffeine content. Teas like the pale Japanese [[green tea]], ''[[gyokuro]]'', for example, contain far more caffeine than much darker teas like ''[[lapsang souchong]]'', which has very little.<ref name="FRI" /> ===Soft drinks and energy drinks=== [[File:Cocaine Energy Drink (7983571911).jpg|thumb|100px|Cocaine Energy Drink contains 280 mg caffeine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Doctors Warn Against "Cocaine" Energy Drink |url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2007/01/12/doctors-warn-against-cocaine-energy-drink/ |website=toronto.citynews.ca}}</ref>]] Caffeine is also a common ingredient of [[soft drink]]s, such as [[cola]], originally prepared from [[kola nut]]s. Soft drinks typically contain 0 to 55 milligrams of caffeine per 12 ounce serving.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nutrition and healthy eating|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20049372?pg=2|website=Mayo Clinic|access-date=18 November 2015|archive-date=22 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122063906/http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20049372?pg=2|url-status=live}}</ref> By contrast, [[energy drink]]s, such as [[Red Bull]], can start at 80 milligrams of caffeine per serving. The caffeine in these drinks either originates from the ingredients used or is an additive derived from the product of [[decaffeination]] or from chemical synthesis. Guarana, a prime ingredient of energy drinks, contains large amounts of caffeine with small amounts of theobromine and theophylline in a naturally occurring [[slow-release]] [[excipient]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bempong DK, Houghton PJ, Steadman K |year=1993 |title=The xanthine content of guarana and its preparations |journal=Int J Pharmacog |issn=0925-1618 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=175–181 |doi=10.3109/13880209309082937|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:7058c79/Steadman1993xanthine.pdf }}</ref> ===Other beverages=== * [[Mate (beverage)|Mate]] is a tea-like drink popular in many parts of South America. Its preparation consists of filling a gourd with the leaves of the South American holly [[yerba mate]], pouring hot but not boiling water over the leaves, and drinking with a straw, the bombilla, which acts as a filter so as to draw only the liquid and not the yerba leaves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120405-drinking-mate-in-buenos-aires|title=Drinking mate in Buenos Aires|vauthors=Martinez-Carter K|date=9 April 2012|website=BBC|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224005245/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120405-drinking-mate-in-buenos-aires|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Guaraná (soft drink)|Guaraná]] is a soft drink originating in Brazil made from the seeds of the [[Guaraná]] fruit. * The leaves of ''[[Ilex guayusa]]'', the Ecuadorian holly tree, are placed in boiling water to make a guayusa tea.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rätsch C |title=The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications |date=2005 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781594776625 |page=PT1235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V0oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1235 |language=en}}</ref> * The leaves of ''[[Ilex vomitoria]]'', the yaupon holly tree, are placed in boiling water to make a yaupon tea. * Commercially prepared coffee-[[flavoured milk]] beverages are popular in Australia.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Smith S |title=Flavoured milk and iced coffee sales on the rise |url=https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/agribusiness/dairy/flavoured-milk-and-iced-coffee-sales-on-the-rise/news-story/da69f5aadb2d008d762599b6e012cc12 |access-date=9 March 2021 |work=The Weekly Times |publisher=News Corp |date=18 Oct 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417161305/https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/agribusiness/dairy/flavoured-milk-and-iced-coffee-sales-on-the-rise/news-story/da69f5aadb2d008d762599b6e012cc12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Examples include [[Oak (flavoured milk)| Oak's Ice Coffee]] and [[Farmers Union Iced Coffee]]. The amount of caffeine in these beverages can vary widely. Caffeine concentrations can differ significantly from the manufacturer's claims.<ref name="Desbrow">{{cite journal | vauthors = Desbrow B |title=An examination of consumer exposure to caffeine from commercial coffee and coffee-flavoured milk |journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis |date=2012 |volume=28 |issue=2 |page=114 |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2012.09.001 |hdl=10072/49194 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
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