Editing Cagayan Valley (section)

== History ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2016}}
=== Spanish colonial era ===
During the Spanish era, Cagayan Valley had a larger territory than today, then named ''Provincia de Cagayan.'' Then it included the territories of the above-mentioned provinces and the eastern parts of the [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera]] provinces of [[Apayao]], [[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]], [[Mountain Province]], [[Ifugao]] and [[Benguet]], and the north part of [[aurora (province)|Aurora]]. Historian and missionary Jose Burgues said, "The old Cagayan Valley comprises the province of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya as well as the military Districts of Apayao, Itaves, Quiangan, Cayapa and Bintangan, plus the area of the Sierra Madre to the Pacific Ocean in the said trajectory."<ref>''Descripcion del Valle de Cagayan'', 1897, Jose Burgues</ref> The exception is [[Palanan]], which was established in 1625 by Spanish forces who arrived by ship from the Pacific coastal town of [[Baler, Aurora|Baler]] in Tayabas province (now part of Aurora). Thus, Palanan was originally a part of [[Pampanga]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/tantingco-the-kapampangan-in-us |title=Tantingco: The Kapampangan in Us |website=[[SunStar]] |date=May 2, 2013 |access-date=2024-01-23 |archive-date=2024-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034705/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more-articles/tantingco-the-kapampangan-in-us |url-status=live }} "At one point, Pampanga’s borders extended all the way to Palanan, Isabela in the north and to Infanta, Quezon in the south, with the Pacific Ocean on its east side and the China Sea on its west side." (Baler which was the origin of Spanish forces and Tagalog settlers who settled Palanan was part of Pampanga along with Casiguran.)</ref> then to [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], Tayabas (now [[quezon|Quezon Province]]; Tayabas became independent from Laguna), and [[Nueva Ecija]], before being transferred to Nueva Vizcaya and finally Isabela. Also, unlike the rest of Cagayan Valley, it was served by Franciscan missionaries from Baler rather than the Dominicans. The population of the town was natively Paranan, then subsequently augmented by local Negritos, migrants from Baler who are [[tagalog people|Tagalogs]] and outlaws from Cagayan Valley, with the lingua franca of the settlement being Tagalog as opposed to Ilocano or Ibanag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Salgado|first=Pedro|title=Cagayan Valley and Easter Cordillera: 1581-1898, Volume I |publisher=Rex Publishing |orig-date=2002|pages=496–499|chapter=Other Missions in Isabela|isbn=}}</ref> The ''Atta'' or [[Negrito]]s, the first people in valley, were later moved to the uplands or variably assimilated by the Austronesians, from whom the [[Ibanag people|Ibanags]], [[Itawes]], Yogads, [[gaddang people|Gaddangs]], Irayas, [[malaweg language|Malawegs]], and [[paranan language|Paranans]] descended - who actually came from one ethnicity. These are the people found by the Spaniards in the different villages along the rivers all over Cagayan Valley. The Spaniards rightly judged that these various villagers came from a single racial stock and decided to make the Ibanag language the ''lingua franca'', both civilly and ecclesiastically for the entire people of Cagayan which they called collectively as the ''Cagayanes'' which later was transliterated to become ''Cagayanos''. Various other peoples, mainly the [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]], [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinenses]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]] and [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]], as well as [[Visayans]], [[Moro people|Moros]], [[ivatan people|Ivatans]], and even foreigners like the Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Spaniards and others were further infused to the native Cagayanes to become the modern ''Cagayano'' that we know today.
In 1818, [[Nueva Ecija]] annexed the towns of Palanan from Isabela, as well as Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Baler, Casiguran, [[infanta, Quezon|Infanta]] (formerly called Binangonan de Lampon) and [[Polillo Islands]] from [[quezon|Tayabas]], and part of Rizal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aurora.ph/mobile/casiguran.html|title=Aurora, Philippines – History|website=www.aurora.ph|language=en|access-date=February 18, 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://region3.dilg.gov.ph/nueva-ecija/index.php/about/who-we-are Who We Are: Nueva Ecija]</ref> In the nineteenth and 20th centuries, the prosperity found in tobacco cultivation caused many [[Ilokano people]] to settle here, it was only in this large-scale Ilocano settlement that made Ilocano language replace Ibanag as the ''lingua franca'' of the region. Ilocano settlers already migrated to Nueva Vizcaya (including present-day Quirino) earlier in 1700s also to work on the tobacco plantations, and later immigrants with skills construct churches and other structures needed for development, as the native Igorot tribes rejected labor imposed by the Spaniards. Tobacco is still a major factor in the economy of Cagayan, though a special economic zone and free port has been created to strengthen and diversify the provincial economy.

=== During World War II ===
During [[World War II]], at [[Balete Pass]] in Nueva Vizcaya, the retreating [[Japanese Imperial Army]] under General [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] dug in and held on for three months against the American and Filipino forces who eventually drove them out; the pass is now called Dalton Pass in honor of General Dalton, USA, who was killed in the fighting. 

=== During the Marcos dictatorship ===
{{main|Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship}}
Loan-funded government spending to promote [[Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 reelection campaign]] caused<ref name=Balbosas1992>{{Cite journal |last=Balbosa |first=Joven Zamoras |date=1992 |title=IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines |journal=Journal of Philippine Development |volume=XIX |issue=35 |url=https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921141056/https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Balisacan&Hill2003">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_L9k58WM9UC&q=The+Philippine+economy+under+Marcos:+A+balance+sheet |title=The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges |last1=Balisacan |first1=A. M. |last2=Hill |first2=Hal |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195158984 |language=en}}</ref> the Philippine economy to take a sudden downwards turn in the form of the [[1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis]],<ref name="Cororaton1997">{{Cite journal |last=Cororaton |first=Cesar B.  |title=Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines |journal=DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05 |pages=3, 19}}</ref><ref name="Celoza1997">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC|title=Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism|last=Celoza|first=Albert F.|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275941376|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/philippinesreade00schi |title=The Philippines reader : a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance |last=Schirmer |first=Daniel B. |date=1987 |publisher=South End Press |isbn=0896082768 |edition=1st |location=Boston |oclc=14214735 }}</ref> which in turn led to social unrest throughout the country.<ref name="Kessler1989">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/rebellionrepress0000kess |title=Rebellion and repression in the Philippines |last=Kessler |first=Richard J. |date=1989 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300044062 |location=New Haven |oclc=19266663 |url-access=registration }}</ref> {{rp|page="43"}} Cagayan Valley became one of the flashpoints of conflict, with many previously-moderate young people joining the armed resistance against Marcos after being radicalized by various crackdowns.<ref name="Pimentel2006">{{Cite book |title=U.G. an underground tale: the journey of Edgar Jopson and the first quarter storm generation |last=Pimentel |first=Benjamin |date=2006 |publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc |isbn=9712715906 |location=Pasig |oclc=81146038}}</ref><ref name="Rodis">{{Cite news |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm |title=Remembering the First Quarter Storm |last=Rodis |first=Rodel |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |access-date=January 27, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131131959/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm/ |archive-date=January 31, 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lacaba 1982 11–45, 157–178">{{Cite book|title=Days of Disquiet, Nights of Rage: The First Quarter Storm & Related Events|last=Lacaba|first=Jose F.|publisher=Salinlahi Pub. House|year=1982|location=Manila|pages=11–45, 157–178}}</ref>

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under [[Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos|Martial Law]] in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.<ref name ="Kasaysayan9ch10">{{Cite book |title=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. |publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited |year=1998 |editor-last=Magno |editor-first=Alexander R. |location=Hong Kong |chapter=Democracy at the Crossroads}}</ref> This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights abuses]],<ref name="McCoy199909202">{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html|title=Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime|date=September 20, 1999|publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]]}}</ref><ref name="Abinales&Amoroso20052">{{Cite book|title=State and society in the Philippines|last1=Abinales|first1=P.N.|last2=Amoroso|first2=Donna J.|date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0742510234|location=Lanham, MD|oclc=57452454}}</ref> particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.<ref name="Rappler">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/182828-marcos-dictatorship-martial-law-youth-leaders-killed|title=Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law|work=Rappler|access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref>

In Isabela, protests erupted when [[Marcos crony]] [[Danding Cojuangco]] managed to block a Spanish-era grant which was supposed to see the return of Hacienda San Antonio and Hacienda Santa Isabel in Ilagan to local farmers, displacing tens of thousands of farmers who were supposed to get those lands back a hundred years after the Spanish accosted them.<ref name="BantayogPadillaSabino">{{Cite news |date=November 29, 2017 |title=PADILLA, Sabino "Abe" Garcia Jr. |language=en-US |url=http://www.bantayog.org/padilla-sabino-garcia-jr/ |access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ilagan]] led efforts to support the farmers in their cause, succeeding in forcing the Marcos administration to finally concede land titles to 4,000 farmers, but earning the ire of the dicatatorship against leading church figures such as Ilagan Bishop [[Miguel Purugganan]], Diocesan Social Action Center researcher Sabino "Abe" Padilla, and the various nuns and lay workers of the Diocese.<ref name="PuruggananProfile">{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2015 |title=PURUGGANAN, Miguel Gatan |url=http://www.bantayog.org/purugganan-miguel-gatan/ |access-date=September 4, 2020 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US}}</ref>

Also during that time, logging concessions were awarded to [[Juan Ponce Enrile]], [[Herminio Disini]], and other cronies, leading to the severe degradation of forest cover in the region, which contributed to widespread flooding and other environmental issues that persist today.<ref name="LoggingCagayanValley">{{Cite news |last=REYES |first=RACHEL A. G.  |date=2016-10-18 |title=Marcos cronies and the golden oriole of Isabela |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/18/opinion/analysis/marcos-cronies-golden-oriole-isabela/291811 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108174750/https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/18/opinion/analysis/marcos-cronies-golden-oriole-isabela/291811/ |archive-date=2020-11-08 |access-date=2024-05-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VitugLoggingBook">{{Cite book |last=Danguilan Vitug |first=Marites |title=The Politics of Logging: Power from the Forest |date=1993 |publisher=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism |isbn=978-971-8686-01-0 |location=Manila}}</ref>

==== Integration of new provinces ====

Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao were transferred to the Cagayan Valley region in 1972, and afterwards Ferdinand Marcos imposed a migration policy for Ilokanos into those provinces; the natives of Apayao called [[isnag people|Isnag]] become minority there.

=== Later 20th Century ===
{{main|People Power Revolution|Cordillera autonomy movement}}
After the [[People Power Revolution]] in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement against Marcos decided to "surface," as the new administration of [[Corazon Aquino]] released political prisoners and initiated peace talks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |date=1987-02-01 |title=The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/27/2/194/22346/The-Philippines-in-1986-Democratic-Reconstruction |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=194–205 |doi=10.2307/2644614 |jstor=2644614 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, anti-left sentiment in her new cabinet, which included individuals who had aligned themselves with the [[Reform the Armed Forces Movement]], made the peace process difficult. Negotiations eventually collapsed, and unrest in Cagayan valley persisted.<ref>Curaming, Rommel and Claudio, Lisandro, A Historicised (Re)Assessment of EDSA 'People Power' (1986) (February 1, 2010). Asia Research Institute Working Paper No. 134. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1716572 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1716572</ref><ref name="Marchadesch20171124">{{Cite news |last=Marchadesch |first=Barbara |date=November 24, 2017 |title=TIMELINE: The peace talks between the government and the CPP-NPA-NDF, 1986 – present |language=en-US |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/specialreports/634324/timeline-the-peace-talks-between-the-government-and-the-cpp-npa-ndf-1986-present/story/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124103321/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/specialreports/634324/timeline-the-peace-talks-between-the-government-and-the-cpp-npa-ndf-1986-present/story/ |archive-date=November 24, 2017}}</ref>

When the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] was formed in 1987 under [[Corazon Aquino]], the indigenous provinces of Ifugao and [[Kalinga-Apayao]] (later [[partition (politics)|divided]] into the provinces of [[Kalinga province|Kalinga]] and [[Apayao]]) were transferred into the newly formed region.

=== Contemporary history ===
==== COVID-19 pandemic ====
{{main|COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley}}
During the worldwide [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus&nbsp;2]] ({{nowrap|SARS-CoV-2}}) virus reached Cagayan Valley on March 21, 2020, when the first case of the disease was confirmed in [[Tuguegarao]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ablat |first1=Jhon Dave |title=Passenger from Manila is Cagayan Valley's 1st COVID-19 case |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/03/23/passenger-from-manila-is-cagayan-valleys-1st-covid-19-case/ |access-date=April 22, 2020 |date=March 23, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> All provinces have confirmed at least one COVID-19 case, with [[Batanes]] being the last province to confirm a COVID-19 case on September 28, 2020.<ref name="batanesnolonger"> {{cite news |last1=Mocon-Ciriaco |first1=Claudeth |title=DOH: Batanes no longer Covid-free, all PHL provinces now have Covid cases |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/09/30/doh-batanes-no-longer-covid-free-all-phl-provinces-now-have-covid-cases/ |access-date=September 30, 2020 |work=BusinessMirror |date=September 30, 2020}}</ref>

==== Extreme climate events ====
{{main|Climate change in the Philippines|Typhoon Vamco}}
In November 2020, [[Typhoon Vamco]] (known in the Philippines as ''Typhoon Ulysses'') crossed the island of [[Luzon]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Villanueva |first=Raymund B. |date=November 14, 2020 |title= Worst flooding in decades: Cagayan Valley's turn to cry for help |url=https://nordis.net/2020/11/14/article/news/cagval/worst-flooding-in-decades-cagayan-valleys-turn-to-cry-for-help/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622145337/https://nordis.net/2020/11/14/article/news/cagval/worst-flooding-in-decades-cagayan-valleys-turn-to-cry-for-help/ |archive-date=2024-06-22 |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=Northern Dispatch}}</ref> causing dam operators from all around the island to release large amounts of water into their impounds as they neared their spilling points. All seven of [[Magat Dam]]'s gates were opened to prevent [[dam failure]], but the overflow into the [[Cagayan River]] and caused widespread floods in [[Cagayan]] and [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lalu|first=Gabriel Pabico|date=2020-11-13|title=Robredo assures Cagayan Valley: We heard you, gov't finding ways to reach you|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1360466/robredo-assures-cagayan-valley-we-heard-you-govt-finding-ways-to-reach-you|access-date=2020-11-13|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-13|title=Cagayan province turned into 'Pacific Ocean': disaster management official|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/14/20/cagayan-province-turned-into-pacific-ocean-disaster-management-official|access-date=2020-11-13|website=ABS-CBN News|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Robredobacksprobe">{{Cite web|title=Robredo backs probe into oversights that may have led to Cagayan Valley floods|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/11/16/2057278/robredo-backs-probe-oversights-may-have-led-cagayan-valley-floods|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Philstar.com}}</ref> This event was worsened by the information gap that had developed as a result of the recent [[ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy|shutdown of the ABS-CBN broadcast network]], because those areas had previously gotten weather updates primarily from the said network.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Marquez|first=Consuelo|date=2020-11-14|title=After ABS-CBN shutdown, lack of Ulysses warning made Cagayan residents suffer– Robredo|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1360703/after-abs-cbn-shutdown-lack-of-ulysses-warning-made-cagayan-residents-suffer-robredo|access-date=2020-11-14|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=ABS-CBN's Wide Reach Missed by Netizens as Typhoon Ulysses Hits Philippines|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ph/entertainment/entertainmentnews/abs-cbns-wide-reach-missed-by-netizens-as-typhoon-ulysses-hits-philippines/ar-BB1aWXFi|access-date=2020-11-14|website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref name="RoqueDeniesInfoGap">{{Cite web|title=Roque denies information gap in Cagayan floods, but vows to 'do better' in disaster response|url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/11/16/Roque-information-gap-Cagayan-flood.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116090652/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/11/16/Roque-information-gap-Cagayan-flood.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2020|access-date=2020-11-16|website=cnn|language=en}}</ref>