Editing Caldera International (section)

== Caldera Systems ==
=== Background and formation ===
{{main|Caldera, Inc.}}
[[Caldera, Inc.]], based in [[Utah]], was founded in 1994 by [[Bryan Wayne Sparks]] and Ransom H. Love, receiving start-up funding from [[Ray Noorda]]'s [[Canopy Group]].<ref name="eweek-ransom-2003"/> Its main product was [[Caldera Network Desktop]] (CND), a [[Linux distribution]] mainly targeted at business customers and containing some proprietary additions. Caldera, Inc. later purchased the German [[LST Software GmbH]] and its LST Power Linux distribution, which was made the basis of their following product [[Caldera OpenLinux]] (COL).

Caldera, Inc. inherited a lawsuit against [[Microsoft]] when it purchased [[DR-DOS]] from [[Novell]] in 1996. This ''[[Caldera v. Microsoft]]'' action related to Caldera's claims of [[monopolization]], [[tying (commerce)|illegal tying]], [[exclusive dealing]], and [[tortious interference]] by Microsoft.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Software Developer Caldera sues Microsoft for Antitrust practices: Alleges monopolistic acts shut its DR DOS operating system out of market |publisher=Caldera |date=July 24, 1996 |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624232924/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |archive-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Leon_1996_Caldera"/>

On September 2, 1998,<!-- NB. Press release was on 2 September 1998, but "Asset purchase and sale agreement of Caldera, Systems, Inc. and Caldera, Inc." and "Amendment to asset purchase and sale agreement" date 1 September 1998. Caldera Systems, Inc. was incorporated on 21 August 1998. --> Caldera, Inc. announced the creation of two Utah-based wholly owned subsidiaries, Caldera Systems, Inc. and [[Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.]], in order to split up tasks and directions.<ref name="Caldera_1998_Subsidiaries">{{cite press release |title=Caldera Creates Two {{sic|hide=y|Wholly|-}}Owned Subsidiaries |date=September 2, 1998 |publisher=[[PRNewswire]] |url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=15948 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234105/http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/caldera-creates-two-wholly-owned-subsidiaries-156626585.html |archive-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref>
Caldera Systems, whose actual incorporation date had been August 21, 1998,<ref name="sec-10-k">{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1102542/000104746903003091/a2101798z10-k.htm |title=Form 10-K: For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2002: Caldera International, Inc. |publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission |date=January 27, 2003}}</ref> took over the Linux business, including development, training, services, and support, while Caldera Thin Clients (which changed its name to [[Lineo]] the following year) took over the DOS and embedded business.<ref name="lj-splits">{{cite news |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/327523.327546 |title=Caldera Splits |author-first=Phil |author-last=Hughes |work=[[Linux Journal]] |date=November 1999 }}</ref>  The shell company Caldera, Inc., remained responsible for the lawsuit only.<ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement"/>

=== "Linux for Business" ===
Caldera Systems was headquartered in [[Orem, Utah]], and was headed by co-founder Ransom Love as President and CEO.<ref name="lj-splits"/>  Caldera Deutschland GmbH, based in [[Erlangen, Germany]], served as their Linux development center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historie |language=de |date=2018 |orig-year=2001 |publisher=LST – Verein zur Förderung freier Software e.V. |url=http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |access-date=August 4, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804152549/http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |archive-date=August 4, 2018}}</ref>  Drew Spencer joined in 1999 and became the company's Chief Technology Officer.<ref name="tdh-layoff"/>

The company targeted the Linux-based software business with its [[Linux distribution]] named Caldera OpenLinux, and the Caldera Systems business plan stressed the importance of corporate training, support, and services.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/122905153/?terms=%22caldera%2Bsystems%22 |title=Free radical Linux sees Window of opportunity |author-first=Amy |author-last=Harmon |agency=[[The New York Times]], Bloomberg News |newspaper=The Age |location=Melbourne |date=October 6, 1998 |page=IT-2 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
Towards this end they created a [[professional certification]] program for Linux as well as for the [[K Desktop Environment 1|KDE]] desktop that the Caldera Systems distribution used.<ref name="LWN_2000">{{cite web |url=https://lwn.net/2000/features/Comdex/RansomLove.php3 |title=Ransom Love Interview and Caldera Systems, Inc at Comdex Fall 2000 |publisher=LWN.net |date=November 20, 2000 |author-first1=Forrest |author-last1=Cook |author-first2=Rebecca |author-last2=Sobol}}</ref>  In doing so they worked with the [[Linux Professional Institute]] in developing class materials and created a series of Authorized Linux Education Centers around the globe that would train successful students towards doing well in Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs.<ref name="lj-training">{{cite news |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/348429.348448|title=Jim Higgins, Caldera Training |author-first=Majorie |author-last=Richardson |work=[[Linux Journal]] |date=March 2000}}</ref>  Beginning courses trained on several difficult Linux distributions as well as Caldera OpenLinux, while more advanced courses focused on OpenLinux only<ref name="lj-training"/> (the name OpenLinux tended to annoy other Linux distributions, suggesting as it did that the others were not open).<ref name="moody"/>

The early leader in the Linux as a business race was [[Red Hat Software]], which attracted equity investments from several major technology companies in early 1999.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/09/business/linux-supplier-to-get-equity-investment.html |title=Linux Supplier to Get Equity Investment |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 9, 1999 |page=C4}}</ref>  Red Hat also tended to get the most media attention.<ref name="itpro"/>  Besides Red Hat and Caldera, other well-known companies selling Linux distributions included [[SUSE S.A.|SuSE]], [[Turbolinux]], and [[Mandrake Soft]].<ref name="nyt-101899"/>  But no company at the time had been successful in building a profitable business around open source software.<ref name="zd-ring-ii">{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/red-hat-and-caldera-get-in-the-ring-pt-ii/ |title=Red Hat and Caldera get in the ring Pt II |author-first=Joseph C. |author-last=Panettieri |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |date=August 14, 2000}}</ref>

Caldera Systems focused on a high-end Linux product and its Linux distribution became rich with features with bundled [[proprietary software]].  For instance, the company offered [[NetWare for Linux]], which included a full-blown [[NetWare]] implementation from Novell.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79 |title=NetWare for Linux: neat party trick |author-first=Tom |author-last=Yager |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |date=August 17, 1998 |page=79}}</ref>
They licensed [[Sun Microsystems]]'s [[Wabi (software)|Wabi]] to allow people to run Windows applications under Linux.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2076 |title=Wabi: Caldera's Solution for Windows Applications |work=[[Linux Journal]] |access-date=January 9, 2012}}</ref> Additionally, they shipped with Linux versions of [[WordPerfect]] from [[Corel]] as well as productivity applications from [[Applixware]].<ref name="lc-list"/> Since many of their customers used a [[dual boot]] setup, Caldera shipped with [[PowerQuest]]'s [[PartitionMagic]] to allow their customers to non-destructively [[Partition (computing)|repartition]] their [[hard disk]]s.<ref name="lc-list">{{cite news |url=https://www.linux.com/news/caldera-openlinux/ |title=Caldera OpenLinux |author-first=Benjamin D. |author-last=Thomas |publisher=Linux.com |date=August 23, 1999}}</ref><ref name="itpro"/>

This approach led to a debate about the purity of Linux-based products.  Red Hat CEO [[Bob Young (businessman)|Bob Young]] said in 1999, "One where you might see a problem is Caldera, because they see part of their value added in proprietary tools they have licensed from third parties."  In response, a Caldera Systems executive expressed the company's philosophy: "We have produced a product that combines the best of open-source and commercial packages; we are doing Linux for business. We do add to it commercial packages that allow business users to easily integrate it."<ref name="nyt-101899">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/18/business/technology-supporters-of-linux-worry-that-commercialization-could-bring-chaos.html |title=Technology: Supporters of Linux Worry That Commercialization Could Bring Chaos |author-first=Lawrence M. |author-last=Fisher |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 18, 1999 |page=C5}}</ref>

Caldera OpenLinux was also available on a retail basis, in the form of a [[CD-ROM]] for installing Linux on an [[IBM PC compatible]] machine that sold for {{currency|amount=49|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/08/technology/mac-windows-and-now-linux.html |title=Mac, Windows And Now, Linux |author-first=Katie |author-last=Hafner |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 8, 1998 |page=G1}}</ref>

[[OpenLinux 2.2]], released in April 1999, was seen as significantly improved from the previous year's [[OpenLinux 1.3|1.3]] release, especially in terms of it having a fully graphical and easy-to-use installation feature.<ref name="itpro">{{cite news |url=https://www.itprotoday.com/windows-8/red-hat-caldera-release-new-versions-linux |title=Red Hat, Caldera release new versions of Linux |author-first=Paul |author-last=Thurrott |publisher=ITPro Today |date=April 25, 1999}} (See also: [https://www.linux.co.cr/distributions/review/1999/0514.html])</ref>  
Ease of installation was an important criteria in selecting a Linux distribution,<ref name="cnbc-ipo"/> and Caldera Deutschland had created this first fully graphical installer for Linux, called Lizard, starting in November 1998.<ref name="Lizard">{{cite web |url=http://rant.gulbrandsen.priv.no/linux/openlinux-lizard |title=The Openlinux Lizard |website=rant.gulbrandsen.priv.no |access-date=September 21, 2017}}</ref>  Several years later it was still receiving praise from reviewers.<ref name="lw-vms"/>  The installer could even be started from a [[Microsoft Windows]] partition.<ref name="itpro"/>

Industry writer [[Hal Plotkin]] praised Caldera as a product development company and noted that OpenLinux won several industry awards, including 1999 product of the year from ''[[Linux Journal]]''.<ref name="cnbc-ipo"/>

=== Other products and projects ===
In addition to other people's applications, Caldera Systems created many Linux extensions to fill voids where no other commercial company was.

Caldera Systems created a full-featured GUI system administration tool called Caldera Open Administration System (COAS) that was deployed during 1999. The tool was a unified, easy to use administration tool with a [[modular design]] and goals of [[scalability]] and broad scope applicability, and was expressly designed to be usable on other Linux distributions in addition to Caldera Systems'.<ref name="COAS_lj_1999">{{cite journal |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=327675 |title=COAS: A Flexible Approach to System Administration Tools |date=February 1999 |journal=Linux Journal |author-first=Olaf |author-last=Kirch|volume=1999 |issue=58es |pages=1–es }}</ref>
Following that, Caldera Systems sponsored the development of browser-based Unix system administration via the [[webmin]] project between 1999 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmin.com/about.html |title=About the author |date=2 October 2017 |publisher=Webmin.com |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> It became the first Linux distribution to include Webmin as the standard tool for system administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmin.com/partners.html |title=Webmin Supporters |publisher=Webmin.com |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref>

Caldera Systems was a leader in the adoption of the [[Java (software platform)|Java language and software platform]] on Linux.<ref name="jcp-ec-briers"/>  The [[Blackdown Java]] project, which first produced working Java ports for Linux systems, was featured on Caldera OpenLinux.<ref name="bd-jcp-ec">{{cite web |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/java-linux@java.blackdown.org/msg12909.html |title=[Announce] Blackdown Java2 SE 1.3; Debian packages for Java2, Java3D, JAI |author-first=Juergen |author-last=Kreileder |publisher=Blackdown Java |date=October 4, 2000}}</ref>  
In 2000, Caldera Systems was one of the companies elected to the inaugural [[JCP Executive Committee]] for Java SE/EE, which guided the evolution of Java language and software platform through the [[Java Community Process]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/jcpec-elections.html |title=Java Community ProcessSM Election Results Are In! |publisher=Java Community Process |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref>  Caldera Systems' role on the Executive Committee included representing the Linux and open source communities.<ref name="bd-jcp-ec"/>

The company was re-elected to its seat on the Executive Committee after it became Caldera International, and represented Java usage on SCO Unix platforms as well.<ref name="jcp-ec-briers">{{cite web |url=https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/news/2002/01/SEEEratified.html |title=Round Table: Standard/Enterprise Edition EC Ratified |author-first=John |author-last=Bacon |publisher=Java Community Process |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref>
Work to improve [[just-in-time compilation]] under the Sun "Classic JVM" for SCO Unix platforms that begun under SCO was completed with Caldera International.<ref name="jit-paper">{{cite journal |title=The simplest heuristics may be the best in Java JIT compilers |author-last=Schilling |author-first=Jonathan L. |journal=SIGPLAN Notices |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=February 2003 |pages=36–46 |doi=10.1145/772970.772975 |s2cid=15117148 }}</ref><ref name="jdk-113-rn"/> 
Caldera Systems was also involved in several [[Java Specification Request]]s,<ref name="jcp-ec-briers"/> including being the specification lead for JSR 140, [[Service Location Protocol]] API for Java,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=140 |title=JSR 140: Service Location Protocol (SLP) API for Java |publisher=Java Community Process |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> and participating in the [[WBEM Services Specification|JSR 48 WBEM Services Specification]].<ref name="jcp-ec-briers"/>

=== Investments and IPO ===
[[Image:Caldera Systems office interior in Orem Utah January 2001.jpg|thumb|left|Workplaces and offices within the Caldera Systems headquarters]]

Caldera Systems had not been profitable; for the company's 1998 fiscal year, ending on October 31, it had a loss of $7.9 million on revenue of $1.05 million, and for its 1999 fiscal year, it had a loss of $9.3 million on revenue of $3.05 million.<ref name="cnbc-ipo">{{cite news |url=http://plotkin.com/cnbcs113/ |title=Caldera Systems IPO Soars in Debut |author-first=Hal |author-last=Plotkin |publisher=CNBC |date=March 21, 2000}}</ref>
However, the industry saw promise in Linux as a solution for businesses, and in the latter half of 1999 a "Linux hysteria" had erupted in the stock market, with first Red Hat in August 1999 and then [[Cobalt Networks]] and [[VA Linux]] in November and December 1999 having experienced huge jumps in value during their first day each of trading.<ref name="ecomm-ipo"/>

On January 10, 2000, three things happened, all of which were coincidental.<ref name="deseret-schechter">{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/2000/1/11/19485152/calderas-have-a-big-day-same-day-coincidentally |title=Calderas have a big day same day -- coincidentally |author-first=Jenifer K. |author-last=Nii |newspaper=Deseret News |date=January 11, 2000}}</ref>  
A settlement to the ''[[Caldera v. Microsoft]]'' suit over [[DR-DOS]] was announced, with Microsoft paying former parent company Caldera, Inc. an amount estimated at $275&nbsp;million<ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement"/> (which turned out to be $280&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-novell/novell-wins-appeal-in-microsoft-antitrust-lawsuit-idUSTRE74301O20110504 | title=Novell wins appeal in Microsoft antitrust lawsuit | work=Reuters | date=May 3, 2011}}</ref>
Caldera Systems received a $30&nbsp;million private equity investment from a group of companies that included [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Novell]], [[Citrix]], [[Santa Cruz Operation]], [[Chicago Venture Partners]], and [[Egan-Managed Capital]],<ref name="reg-30m">{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/01/11/sun_sco_novell_citrix_put/ |title=Sun, SCO, Novell, Citrix put bucks into Caldera |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |work=[[The Register]] |date=January 11, 2000}}</ref> with the goal to "fund operations and accelerate the growth and acceptance of Linux."<ref name="deseret-schechter"/>  Also, Caldera Systems announced that it would be filing to have an [[initial public offering]].<ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement"/>  Ransom Love said that the Microsoft settlement would not benefit Caldera Systems other than that Caldera, Inc. would relinquish the name "Caldera",<ref name="deseret-schechter"/> which would address existing industry confusion between the two.<ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement"/>  Reports at the time also indicated that the settlement would not directly benefit Caldera Systems,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/02/29/microsoft_and_caldera_dispelling/ | title=Microsoft and Caldera – dispelling the myths | author-first=Graham | author-last=Lea | work=The Register | date=February 29, 2000}}</ref> but that Caldera Systems could get an intangible benefit from a name association with a company that had bested an industry giant.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deseret.com/2000/1/16/19486018/settlement-fuels-caldera-family-br-orem-company-is-settling-up-with-spinoffs-thriving | title=Settlement fuels Caldera 'family' Orem company is 'settling up' with spinoffs thriving | author-first=Lois M. | author-last=Collins | newspaper=Deseret News | date=January 16, 2000}}</ref>  Love also said that the timing between the funding round, work for which had begun six months earlier, and the IPO announcement was "unfortunate, and completely coincidental".<ref name="deseret-schechter"/>

Caldera Systems reincorporated in Delaware on March 6, 2000.<ref name="sec-10-k"/><!-- NB. A contract states 2 March 2000, see http://contracts.corporate.findlaw.com/formation/incorporation/5411.html -->
By this point it was well positioned in some respects, such as having a strong relationship with Sun and receiving good product reviews within the industry.<ref name="cnbc-ipo"/>  But it suffered from a lack of public awareness; as [[International Data Corporation|IDC]] analyst Dan Kusnetzky said, "They have a wonderful demo, and the product looks very good. But if you asked people on the street about Caldera they would probably think you are talking about a volcano in Hawaii."<ref name="cnbc-ipo"/>

The company then staged an IPO of its common stock, with the symbol CALD.<ref name="ecomm-ipo">{{cite news |url=https://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/2797.html | title=Caldera IPO Marks First Linux Disappointment |author-first=Matthew |author-last=Beale |work=E-Commerce Times |date=March 22, 2000}}</ref>  On the first day of trading, March 21, 2000, Caldera Systems' shares doubled in value, going from an initial price of $14 to close at $29 7/16,<ref name="bnbg-ipo">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/428622118/?terms=%22caldera%2Bsystems%22 |title=Caldera shares double on 1st day |agency=Bloomberg News |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=March 22, 2000 |page=D2}}</ref> with heavy trading been seen and an intra-day high of $33.<ref name="ecomm-ipo"/>
The IPO raised $70 million for the company and gave it a market capitalization of $1.1 billion.<ref name="bnbg-ipo"/>

While the launch was successful on its own terms, analysts saw signs that the Linux mania was finally cooling, abetted by Red Hat and VA Linux having seen their values steadily decrease since their spectacular starts.<ref name="bnbg-ipo"/><ref name="moody"/>  So, while some observers viewed the IPO as a success, others viewed it as a disappointment.<ref name="ecomm-ipo"/>  Red Hat continued to dominate in North America, with an over 50 percent share of the Linux market.<ref name="forbes-deal"/>