Editing Calvary (section)

==Biblical references and names==
[[File:Altar of the Crucifixion in The Church of The Holy Sepulchre.ogv|thumb|Altar at the traditional site of Golgotha]]
[[File:Голгофа.jpg|thumb|The [[altar]] at the traditional site of Golgotha]]
[[File:Illustration from Views in the Ottoman Dominions by Luigi Mayer, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 65.jpg|thumb|Chapel of Mount Calvary, painted by [[Luigi Mayer]]]]
The [[English language|English]] names Calvary and Golgotha derive from the [[Vulgate]] [[Late Latin|Latin]] {{lang|la|[[wikt: calvaria|Calvariae]]}}, {{lang|la|[[wikt: calvaria|Calvariae]] {{linktext|locus}}}} and {{lang|la|{{linktext|locum}}}} (all meaning "place of the Skull" or "a Skull"), and {{lang|la|{{linktext|Golgotha}}}} used by [[St Jerome|Jerome]] in his translations of [[Matthew 27]]:33,<ref>[[Vulgate]], [https://vulgate.org/nt/gospel/matthew_27.htm Matthaeum 27:33]. (Latin)</ref> [[Mark 15]]:22,<ref>[[Vulgate]], [https://vulgate.org/nt/gospel/mark_15.htm Marcum 15:22]. (Latin)</ref> [[Luke 23]]:33,<ref>[[Vulgate]], [https://vulgate.org/nt/gospel/luke_23.htm Lucam 23:33]. (Latin)</ref> and [[John 19]]:17.<ref>[[Vulgate]], [https://vulgate.org/nt/gospel/john_19.htm Ioannem 19:17]. (Latin)</ref> Versions of these names have been used in English since at least the [[10th century]],<ref name=dhg/> a tradition shared with most European languages including [[French language|French]] ({{lang|fr|Calvaire}}), [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] ({{lang|es|Calvario}}), pre-[[Martin Luther|Luther]]an [[German language|German]] ({{lang|de|Calvarie}}),<ref>Cf. Bavarian State Library MS. Rar. 880 (1494), [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00025548/images/index.html?id=00025548&groesser=&fip=193.174.98.30&no=&seite=863 Lucas 23:33]. (German)</ref><ref>After [[Martin Luther]]'s 1522 [[Luther Bible|translation]], it has been more common to translate the meaning of the Greek name directly into German as {{lang|de|Schädelstätte}}, equivalent to "Skullplace".</ref> [[Polish language|Polish]] ({{lang|pl|Kalwaria}}), and [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ({{lang|lt|Kalvarijos}}). The 1611 [[King James Version]] [[loanword|borrowed]] the Latin forms directly,<ref>[[King James Version|KJV]], [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1611_Matthew-Chapter-27/#33 Matthew 27:33], [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1611_Mark-Chapter-15/#22 Marke 15:22], [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1611_Luke-Chapter-23/#33 Luke 23:33], [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1611_John-Chapter-19/#17 John 19:17]. (1611 ed.)</ref> while [[John Wycliffe|Wycliffe]] and other translators [[anglicization|anglicized]] them in forms like ''Caluarie'',<ref name=dhg>[[Đa Halgan Godspel on Englisc|Đa Halgan Godspel]], [https://archive.org/details/dahalgangodspelo00thor/page/n183/mode/2up?view=theater Lucas 23:33]. ([[Benjamin Thorpe|Thorpe]] ed.)</ref> ''Caluerie'',<ref>[[Wycliffe's Bible|Wycliffe]], [https://textusreceptusbibles.com/Wycliffe/40/27 Maþeu 23:33], [https://textusreceptusbibles.com/Wycliffe/42/23 Luke 23:33], [https://textusreceptusbibles.com/Wycliffe/43/19 Joon 19:17].</ref> and ''Calueri''<ref>[[Wycliffe's Bible|Wycliffe]], [https://textusreceptusbibles.com/Wycliffe/41/15 Mark 15:22].</ref> which were later [[English-language spelling reform|standardized]] as ''Calvary''.<ref>[[Tyndale Bible|Tyndale]], [https://www.biblestudytools.com/tyn/luke/23.html#33 Luke 23:33].</ref> While the [[Gospels]] merely identify Golgotha as a "place", [[Christian folklore|Christian tradition]] has described the location as a [[hill]] or [[mountain]] since at least the 6th century. It has thus often been referenced as {{nowrap|'''Mount Calvary'''}} in [[List of English-language hymnals by denomination|English hymns]] and [[English literature|literature]].<ref name="ce">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Mount Calvary|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03191a.htm|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]|volume=III|location=New York|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|year=1908}}</ref>

In the 1769 [[King James Version]], the relevant [[biblical verse|verses]] of the [[New Testament]] are:
* And when they were come unto a place called Golgotha, that is to say, a place of a skull, They gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink. And they crucified him, and parted his garments, casting lots...<ref>[[King James Version|KJV]], {{bibleverse|Matthew|27:33-35|KJV}}. (1769 ed.)</ref>
* And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. And they gave him to drink wine mingled with myrrh: but he received it not. And when they had crucified him, they parted his garments, casting lots upon them, what every man should take.<ref>[[King James Version|KJV]], {{bibleverse|Mark|15:22-24|KJV}}. (1769 ed.)</ref>
* And when they were come to the place, which is called Calvary, there they crucified him, and the malefactors, one on the right hand, and the other on the left.<ref>[[King James Version|KJV]], {{bibleverse|Luke|23:33|KJV}}. (1769 ed.)</ref>
* And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha: Where they crucified him, and two other with him, on either side one, and Jesus in the midst.<ref>[[King James Version|KJV]], {{bibleverse|John|19:17-18|KJV}}. (1769 ed.)</ref>

In the standard [[Koine Greek]] texts of the [[New Testament]], the relevant terms appear as ''Golgothâ'' ({{lang|grc|Γολγοθᾶ}}),<ref name=maththlab>[https://sites.google.com/site/nestle1904/ Nestle], [https://sites.google.com/site/nestle1904/mat/27#33 Maththaion 27:33]. (Greek)</ref><ref name=yohoho>[https://sites.google.com/site/nestle1904/john/19#17 Iōanēn 19:17]. (Greek)</ref> ''Golgathân'' ({{lang|grc|Γολγοθᾶν}}),<ref name=polo>[https://sites.google.com/site/nestle1904/ Nestle], [https://sites.google.com/site/nestle1904/mark/15#22 Markon 15:22]. (Greek)</ref> ''kraníou tópos'' ({{lang|grc|κρανίου τόπος}}),<ref name=maththlab/> ''Kraníou tópos'' ({{lang|grc|Κρανίου τόπος}}),<ref name=polo/> ''Kraníon'' ({{lang|grc|Κρανίον}}),<ref name=mynameis>[https://sites.google.com/site/nestle1904/ Nestle], [https://sites.google.com/site/nestle1904/luke/23 Loukan 23:33]. (Greek)</ref> and ''Kraníou tópon'' ({{lang|grc|Κρανίου τόπον}}).<ref name=yohoho/> Golgotha's [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] equivalent would be ''Gulgōleṯ'' ({{lang|he|גֻּלְגֹּלֶת}}, "skull"),<ref name=heb>{{cite book |last=Lande |first=George M. |title=Building Your Biblical Hebrew Vocabulary Learning Words by Frequency and Cognate |url=http://www.sbl-site.org/publications/ICI_Resources_Biblical_study.aspx |series=Resources for Biblical Study 41 |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta |year=2001 |orig-year= 1961| isbn= 1-58983-003-2|page=115 |via=sbl-site.org}}</ref><ref name=stroheb>{{cite web |title=H1538 - gulgoleth - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (KJV) |url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H1538&t=KJV |publisher=blueletterbible.org |language=en}}</ref> ultimately from the verb ''galal'' ({{lang|he|גלל}}) meaning "to roll".<ref name=twobeesforaquarter>{{cite web |url=https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Golgotha.html |title=The Name Golgotha |publisher=Abarim Publications }}.</ref> The form preserved in the Greek text, however, is actually closer to [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] ''Golgolta'',<ref>{{citation |last=Alexander |first=Joseph Addison |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qi1OAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA420 420] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qi1OAQAAMAAJ |title=The Gospel According to Mark |edition=3rd |date=1863 |publisher=Charles Scribner |location=New York }}.</ref> which also appears in reference to a head count in the [[Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan version]] of [[Numbers 1]]:18,<ref name=gordo>{{citation |last=Lightfoot |first=John |authorlink=John Lightfoot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBQwAAAAYAAJ |title=The Harmony, Chronicle, and Order of the New Testament... |editor=John Rogers Pitman |display-editors=0 |date=1822 |location=London |publisher=J.F. Dove |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rBQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164 164] }}.</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Louw |first=J.P. |author2=E.A. Nida |display-authors=1 |title=Greek{{ndash}}English Lexicon of the New Testament |location= |publisher=United Bible Societies |date=1996 |page=834 }}.</ref> although the term is traditionally considered to derive from [[Syriac language|Syriac]] ''Gāgūlṯā'' ({{lang|syr|ܓܓܘܠܬܐ}}) instead.<ref>{{cite book| last= Schultens| first=Albert| author-link= Albert Schultens| title= Institutiones ad fundamenta linguæ Hebrææ: quibus via panditur ad ejusdem analogiam restituendam, et vindicandam: in usum collegii domestici| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2ANZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA334| year= 1737 |publisher=Johannes Luzac |language= la| page=334}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Thrupp |first= Joseph Francis| author-link=Joseph Francis Thrupp |title=Ancient Jerusalem: A New Investigation Into the History, Topography and Plan of the City, Environs, and Temple, Designed Principally to Illustrate the Records and Prophecies of Scripture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apJHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA272 |year=1855 |publisher=Macmillan & Company| page= 272}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| editor-first= Toma | editor-last= Audo| title= Treasure of the Syriac Language: A Dictionary of Classical Syriac | place= Mosul; Piscataway, New Jersey| publisher= Imprimerie des pères dominicains| orig-year= 1897-[1901]| year= 2008| volume= 1| page= 117 |url= https://www.dukhrana.com/lexicon/TomaAudo/page.php?p=117| via= dukhrana.com| access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Robert |last=Payne Smith |title=Golgotha |encyclopedia=Thesaurus Syriacus |place=Oxford |publisher=The Calerndon Press |year=1879 |volume= 1 |page=324 |url=https://www.dukhrana.com/lexicon/RPayneSmith/page.php?p=649 |via=dukhrana.com |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Payne Smith |first=J. (Mrs. Margoliouth) |title=Golgotha |encyclopedia=A Compendious Syriac Dictionary |place= Oxford |publisher=The Clarendon Press |year=1903 |page=60 |url=https://www.dukhrana.com/lexicon/PayneSmith/page.php?p=60 |via=dukhrana.com |access-date= }}</ref> Although Latin {{lang|la|calvaria}} can mean either "a skull" or "the skull" depending on context and numerous [[Bible translations into English|English translations]] render the relevant passages {{nowrap|"'''place of the skull'''"}} or "Place of the Skull",<ref>Cf. e.g., the [https://biblehub.com/matthew/27-33.htm various translations of Matthew 27:33 at Biblehub.com].</ref> the Greek forms of the name grammatically refer to the place of ''a'' skull and a place named Skull.<ref name=twobeesforaquarter/> (The Greek word {{lang|grc|{{linktext|κρᾱνῐ́ον}}}} does more specifically mean the [[cranium]], the upper part of the skull, but it has been used [[metonymy|metonymously]] since antiquity to refer to skulls and heads more generally.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD&la=greek#lexicon |title=κρανίον, τό |publisher=Perseus Project }}</ref>

The [[Fathers of the Church]] offered various interpretations of the name and its origin. [[Jerome]] considered it a place of execution by beheading ({{lang|la|locum decollatorum}}),<ref name="ce"/> [[Pseudo-Tertullian]] describes it as a place resembling a head,<ref>''Five Books in Reply to Marcion'', Book 2, ''Ante-Nicene Fathers'', Vol. 4, p. 276.</ref> and [[Origen]] associated it with legends concerning the skull of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]].<ref name="ce"/> This buried skull of Adam appears in [[apocrypha|noncanonical]] medieval legends, including the [[Arabic Apocalypse of Peter|''Book of the Rolls'']], the ''[[Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan]]'', the ''[[Cave of Treasures]]'', and the works of [[Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria|Eutychius]], the 9th-century patriarch of Alexandria. The usual form of the legend is that [[Shem]] and [[Melchizedek]] retrieved the body of Adam from the resting place of [[Noah]]'s [[Noah's Ark|ark]] on [[Mount Ararat]] and were led by [[Christian angelology|angels]] to Golgotha, a skull-shaped hill at the [[axis mundi|center of the earth]] where Adam had previously crushed the [[serpents in the Bible|serpent's head]] following the [[Fall of Man]].<ref name="ce"/>

In the 19th century, Wilhelm Ludwig Krafft proposed an alternative derivation of these names, suggesting that the place had actually been known as "Gol Goatha"{{mdash}}which he interpreted to mean "heap of death" or "hill of execution"{{mdash}}and had become associated with the similar sounding [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] words for "skull" in [[folk etymologies]].<ref name=cheezits>{{citation |last=Krafft |first=Wilhelm Ludwig |title=Die Topographie Jerusalems ''[''The Topography of Jerusalem'']'' |date=1846 |publisher= |location=Bonn }}. (German)</ref> [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]] identified this "Goatha" with the ''Goʿah'' ({{lang|he|גֹּעָה}})<ref>{{citation |title=Strong's Concordance |contribution-url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H1601&t=KJV |contribution=H1601: Goah }}.</ref> mentioned in [[Jeremiah 31]]:39 as a place near Jerusalem,<ref>{{citation |last=Fergusson |first=James |authorlink=James Fergusson (architect) |title=An Essay on the Ancient Topography of Jerusalem |date=1847 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jh2N93EjjFsC&pg=PA80 80-81] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jh2N93EjjFsC |location= |publisher= J. Weale|isbn=9780524050347 }}.</ref> although Krafft himself identified that location with the separate ''Gennáth'' ({{lang|grc|Γεννάθ}}) of [[Josephus]], the "Garden Gate" west of the [[Temple Mount]].<ref name=cheezits/>