Editing Camarasaurus (section)

==History==

=== Initial discovery ===
The first record of ''Camarasaurus'' comes from the spring of 1877 when Mr. Oramel William Lucas of [[Cañon City, Colorado|Cañon City]], Colorado discovered some large vertebrae at [[Garden Park, Colorado|Garden Park]], which he sent to [[Edward Drinker Cope]] who was based in [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=":6">Cope, E.D., 1877a, On a gigantic saurian from the Dakota Epoch of Colorado: Paleontological Bulletin, v. 25, p. 5-10.</ref> The original material sent consisted of a partial cervical vertebra, which would become the taxon's namesake, three dorsal vertebrae, and four caudal vertebrae.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> This specimen is now thought to have been composed of several individuals.<ref name=":0" /> From these initial fragmentary remains, Cope made his original description of ''Camarasaurus supremus'' (“supreme chambered lizard”) and founded the genus; these remains are now in the [[American Museum of Natural History]] under the catalogue number AMNH 560.<ref name=":0" /> After receiving the original bones, Cope employed collectors who gathered more of the material which was described in 1921 by [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Henry Osborn]] and Charles Mook.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg|thumb|The earliest known skeletal reconstruction of a sauropod dinosaur: ''C. supremus'' by John A. Ryder, 1877|left|293x293px]]The amount of material was great, it composed of several jumbled partial skeletons.<ref name=":0" /> It was not all prepared at once, but a considerable amount of it was cleaned up by Jacob Geismar under Cope's direction throughout the 1870s to 1890s.<ref name=":0" /> In 1877 a reconstruction of the skeleton of ''Camarasaurus'' was painted by Dr. John Ryder on several canvasses, under the direction of Professor Cope who would use them in lectures to impress his audience.<ref name=":0" /> This reconstruction would be the first ever made of a sauropod dinosaur, was natural size and represented the remains of a number of individuals. The reconstruction was over fifty feet in length. Cope's collectors sent in more material from 1877 to 1878,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> and as Cope would get more material, he would name taxa based on these newly sent remains. Most of these additional taxa are now considered dubious or synonymous with ''Camarasaurus''.<ref name=":7">Cope, E.D., 1877c, On reptilian remains from the Dakota beds of Colorado: Paleontological Bulletin, v. 26, p. 193-196.</ref> By the end of collecting in Garden Park, at least four individuals and several hundred bones had been found from nearly every part of the skeleton.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Osborn |first1=Henry Fairfield |last2=Mook |first2=Charles Craig |year=1921 |title=Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope: Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 3, p. 247-387. |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5724 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115030843/http://digitallibrary.amnh.org:80/handle/2246/5724 |archive-date=January 15, 2016 |hdl=2246/5724}}</ref>

=== Como Bluff finds and ''Morosaurus'' ===
[[File:MUJA-Sauropod.JPG|thumb|Mounted skeletal cast at the [[Jurassic Museum of Asturias]]]]
The next ''Camarasaurus'' discovery came later in 1877, when a fragmentary posterior skull and a partial postcranial skeleton was discovered and collected in Quarry 1, [[Como Bluff]], Wyoming by crews working for [[Othniel Charles Marsh]]. This skeleton would be the best preserved single individual of ''Camarasaurus'' at the time, and it was named as a new species of ''[[Apatosaurus]]'' in 1877. The specimen was not fully collected until 1879 and the specimen contains the majority of a juvenile's skeleton (holotype YPM 1901)<ref>Marsh, O. C. (1877). "[https://www.ajsonline.org/content/s3-14/84/514 Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles from the Jurassic Formation]". American Journal of Science. 3rd series. 14 (84): 514–516. Bibcode:1877AmJS...14..514M. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.514. S2CID 130488291.</ref> Meanwhile, crews working for Edward Cope in Garden Park, collected a fragmentary specimen consisting of a femur and 2 caudal vertebrae was made a new species of ''[[Amphicoelias]]'' by Cope which he named ''Amphicoelias latus'' in 1877.<ref name=":21">Cope, E.D., 1877b, On Amphicoelias, a new genus of saurian from the Dakota Epoch of Colorado: Paleontological Bulletin, v. 27, p. 2-5.</ref> This species was tentatively synonymized with ''C. supremus'' in 1921. In 1998, Kenneth Carpenter argued that the stratigraphic position of the find suggested it was more likely to be synonymous with ''C. grandis'',<ref name="carpenter1998"/> but in a 2005 study of the biostratigraphic distribution of ''Camarasaurus'', Takehito Ikejiri retained it in synonymy with ''C. supremus''.<ref name="ikejiri2005"/> In 1878, a sauropod sacrum was discovered with several other jumbled sauropod postcranial elements, again at Como Bluff. The remains were also sent to Marsh and in 1878 the sacrum was assigned to a new genus and species, ''Morosaurus impar'' ("unpaired stupid lizard"). ''Morosaurus'' would receive several new species throughout the late 19th century, even becoming part of a new family in 1892, the [[Morosauridae]]. A majority of ''Morosaurus'' species are now considered dubious,<ref name=":1" /> including the type species, or reclassified.<ref name=":1" /> In 1889, a new species of ''Morosaurus'' was named based on a partial skull and skeleton from Como Bluff. ''Morosaurus lentus'' was the name given to the skeleton (holotype YPM 1910)<ref name="ikejiri2005" /> and the skeleton was mounted in the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History|Yale Peabody Museum]] fossil hall in 1930.

=== Second Dinosaur Rush finds ===
[[File:AMNH 467 Camarasaurus skull.jpg|left|thumb|Skull of ''Camarasaurus'' sp. AMNH 467 at the [[American Museum of Natural History]].]]
In the late 1890s, the [[American Museum of Natural History]] and the [[Field Museum of Natural History|Field Museum]] found additional ''Morosaurus'' material at [[Como Bluff]] and [[Fruita, Colorado|Fruita]] respectively. Mostly consisting of limb material, the new ''Morosaurus'' material led to new reconstructions of [[sauropod]] manus and pes structure.<ref>Osborn, H. F. (1901). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6EAbAAAAYAAJ&dq=morosaurus+bone+cabin&pg=PA197 Fore and hind limbs of Sauropoda from the Bone Cabin Quarry]'' (Vol. 3).</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Riggs|first=Elmer|date=1901|title=The Fore Leg And Pectoral Girdle Of Morosaurus|journal=Field Museum of Natural History Publication 63, Geological Series|volume= 1| issue =  10|pages=275–281}}</ref> The AMNH made an important discovery in 1899 at their [[Bone Cabin Quarry]] in Wyoming with the discovery of the first complete ''Camarasaurus'' skull and mandible with associated cervical vertebrae.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMNH 467 - Camarasaurus sp. entry|url=http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47370}}</ref> Major reassessment of ''Morosaurus'' and ''Camarasaurus'' came in 1901, a reassessment by [[Elmer S. Riggs|Elmer Riggs]] concluded that of the five ''Morosaurus'' species named by Marsh, only three were valid.<ref name=":3"/> ''Morosaurus grandis'', ''Morosaurus lentus'', and ''Morosaurus agilis'' (now known as ''[[Smitanosaurus]]'') were accepted as valid, with ''Morosaurus impar'' synonymous with ''M. grandis''. Possible synonymy between ''Morosaurus'' and ''Camarasaurus'' was also suggested by Riggs.<ref name=":3"/> In 1905, the first mounted skeleton of a sauropod was mounted at the AMNH of a ''Brontosaurus'', the skull of the mount was notoriously based on material that was likely from a ''Camarasaurus'' from Como Bluff.<ref>Miller, B. (October 30, 2014). "[https://dinosours.wordpress.com/2014/10/30/bully-for-camarasaurus/ Bully for ''Camarasaurus'']". Dinosours.</ref>

The Carnegie Museum had an important ''Camarasaurus'' discovery in 1909 of a nearly complete skeleton of a juvenile, now under specimen number CM 11338. The specimen was notably found articulated in a death pose and is prominently displayed at the Carnegie Museum hall.<ref name="gilmore1925"/> Earl Douglass discovered the specimen and it was collected from 1909 to 1910 by Carnegie Museum crew working at [[Dinosaur National Monument]]. This skeleton was not described until 1925 by [[Charles W. Gilmore]] This specimen was referred to ''Camarasaurus lentus''. The skeleton is one of the best sauropod specimens known, with almost every element preserved in articulation including the fragile cervical vertebrae.<ref name="gilmore1925"/>

Another ''Camarasaurus'' skeleton was found in 1918, again at [[Dinosaur National Monument]] by Carnegie crews, this specimen can be viewed at the [[National Museum of Natural History]]. The specimen, known as USNM V 13786, was traded to the USNM in 1935 and prep work started on the specimen in 1936 at the [[Texas Centennial Exposition]] in [[Dallas]] where it could be viewed by visitors of the event.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Ben|title=Diplodocus and Camarasaurus (NMNH Series)|date=December 29, 2016|url=https://extinctmonsters.net/diplodocus-and-camarasaurus/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813082304/https://extinctmonsters.net/diplodocus-and-camarasaurus/ |archive-date=August 13, 2020 }}</ref> Preparation work would continue until 1947 when the skeleton was mounted in a death pose in the fossil hall.<ref name=":5"/> The USNM's ''Camarasaurus'' was also referred to ''C. lentus''.{{sfn|Woodruff|Foster|2017}}<ref name="ikejiri2005"/>

In 1919, W. J. Holland would name ''Uintasaurus douglassi'' based another sauropod specimen from DNM that was discovered by the Carnegie Museum in 1909.<ref name=":20" /> The type specimen was incomplete, consisting of 5 anterior cervical vertebrae,<ref name=":20">Holland, W. J. (1924). "Description of the Type of Uintasaurus douglassi HOLLAND". Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 15 (2–3): 119–138.</ref> and is a synonym of ''Camarasaurus lentus''.<ref name="ikejiri2005" /> Additional ''Camarasaurus'' material was found at near Black Mesa in western Oklahoma during the 1940s<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wedel|first=Matt|date=2018|title=OMNH 1811, a Camarasaurus dorsal from Black Mesa|url=https://svpow.com/2018/01/02/omnh-1811-a-camarasaurus-dorsal-from-black-mesa/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203140925/https://svpow.com/2018/01/02/omnh-1811-a-camarasaurus-dorsal-from-black-mesa/ |archive-date=February 3, 2018 }}</ref> and has been referred to ''Camarasaurus supremus''<ref name="ikejiri2005" />'','' the material consists of many large vertebrae and some skull elements.<ref name="ikejiri2005" />

=== Resurgent discoveries ===
[[File:Cathetosaurus skeleton 1.jpg|thumb|273x273px|Mounted skeleton of ''Camarasaurus'' sp. SMA 0002 at the [[Aathal Dinosaur Museum|Sauriermuseum Aathal]].]]
No major discoveries would come for ''Camarasaurus'' until in 1967, [[James A. Jensen|James Jensen]] collected a well preserved and articulated partial postcranial skeleton, including majority of the vertebral column, at [[Dry Mesa Quarry|Uncompahgre Hill]] in western [[Colorado]]<ref name=":10">McIntosh, J.S., Miller, W.E., Stadtman, K.L., and Gillette, D.D., 1996b, [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70017760 The osteology of Camarasaurus lewisi (Jensen, 1988)]: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 41, p. 73-115.</ref><ref name=":13">Jensen, J. A. (1988). "A fourth new sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and sauropod bipedalism". ''Great Basin Naturalist''. '''48''' (2): 121–145.</ref> and was deposited at [[Brigham Young University]] under specimen number BYU 9740.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Tracy |title=Camarasaurus Paleofile |url=http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Sauropoda/Camarasaurus.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126114747/http://www.paleofile.com:80/Dinosaurs/Sauropoda/Camarasaurus.asp |archive-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> The skeleton wasn't full prepared until years later,<ref name=":10" /> and was described in 1988 as a new genus and species of [[Camarasauridae|Camarasaurid]], ''[[Cathetosaurus]] lewisi''.<ref name=":13" /> ''C. lewisi''{{'}}s original description was brief, but later in 1996 the skeleton was given a full osteology and placed as a species of ''Camarasaurus'' by John McIntosh and colleagues. In their paper, they determined that ''C. supremus, C. grandis, C. lentus,'' and ''C. lewisi'' were valid.<ref name=":10" /> In 2013, Octavio Mateus and Emanuel Tschopp argued that ''C. lewisi'' was actually its own genus based on a specimen found at Howe Quarry in 1992<ref name=":4" /> that they referred to the species.<ref name=":14">Mateus, O., & Tschopp E. (2013). [https://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/mateus__tschopp_2013_cathetosaurs_camarasaurus__svp_meeting_abstracts_213.pdf ''Cathetosaurus'' as a valid sauropod genus and comparisons with ''Camarasaurus''.] Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts, 2013. 173.</ref> Further research by Tschopp concluded that the Howe Quarry specimen was most likely to represent ''Camarasaurus'' after all.<ref name="tschopp2016"/> As of 2019, most researchers considered ''C. lewisi'' to be a species of ''Camarasaurus''.<ref name="tschopp2019"/>

In 1992, another substantial and articulated skeleton of ''Camarasaurus'' was collected, this skeleton by Jeffrie Parker and colleagues near the AMNH's [[Bone Cabin Quarry]] at Como Bluff.{{sfn|McIntosh|Miles|Cloward|Parker|1996|pp=1–5}} This skeleton was referred to ''Camarasaurus grandis''{{sfn|McIntosh|Miles|Cloward|Parker|1996|p=30}} and is one of the most complete specimens assigned to the species, it now resides at the [[Gunma Museum of Natural History]] in Tokyo under specimen number GMNH-PV 101.{{sfn|McIntosh|Miles|Cloward|Parker|1996|p=6}}<ref name="ikejiri2005" /> 1992 saw yet another ''Camarasaurus'' skeleton discovery further north at [[Howe Quarry]], Wyoming by crews working for the [[Aathal Dinosaur Museum|Sauriermuseum Aathal]] in Switzerland. The skeleton is one of the best known, with nearly every element articulated and skin impressions from the skull and hindlimb.<ref>Tschopp, E. D., Oliver, W., Thomas, F., & Winand, B. (2015). Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria).</ref><ref name=":4" /> The specimen, SMA 002, has not yet gotten a full identification, but has been suggested to be a specimen of ''C. lewisi''.<ref name=":4" /> In 1996, several fragmentary remains of ''Camarasaurus'' were described from western [[South Dakota]]<ref>Foster, J. R. (1996). [https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/uwyo/rmg/article-pdf/31/1/1/2953270/1.pdf Sauropod dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming.] ''Rocky Mountain Geology'', ''31''(1), 1-25.</ref> and [[New Mexico]],<ref name=":17">LUCAS, S. G., & HECKERT, A. B. (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gV8fCgAAQBAJ&dq=new+mexico+jurassic+dinosaurs&pg=PA43 Jurassic dinosaurs in New Mexico.] ''Dinosaurs of New Mexico: Bulletin 17'', ''17'', 43.</ref> extending the northeastern and southern range of the genus, with the New Mexican remains from the [[Summerville Formation]].<ref name=":17"/> The northernmost specimen of ''Camarasaurus'' was discovered in 2005 in the Snowy Mountains region of central Montana and consists of a nearly complete skull and several postcranial elements.{{sfn|Woodruff|Foster|2017}}